1 00:00:02,870 --> 00:00:04,071 {\an7}Neil Losin: PICTURE IN YOUR MIND 2 00:00:04,104 --> 00:00:08,241 {\an7}\h\hTHE CREATURES WE STUDY TO REVEAL HOW LIFE WORKS. 3 00:00:08,275 --> 00:00:09,076 {\an7}[GROWLS] 4 00:00:09,109 --> 00:00:11,111 {\an7}WHAT DO YOU SEE? 5 00:00:11,144 --> 00:00:14,614 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFRUIT FLIES, WHICH REVOLUTIONIZED GENETICS? 6 00:00:14,648 --> 00:00:16,216 {\an7}CHIMPANZEES, WHICH TEACH US 7 00:00:16,250 --> 00:00:19,019 {\an7}ABOUT THE ORIGINS \hOF INTELLIGENCE? 8 00:00:19,052 --> 00:00:24,691 {\an7}WHAT ABOUT MICE, WHICH HELP US \h\hUNDERSTAND HUMAN DISEASES? 9 00:00:24,725 --> 00:00:26,360 {\an7}WHATEVER YOU’RE IMAGINING, 10 00:00:26,393 --> 00:00:30,530 {\an7}IT PROBABLY ISN’T A LIZARD \hIN A SUBURBAN BACKYARD. 11 00:00:30,564 --> 00:00:33,934 {\an7}\h\hBUT RESEARCHERS STUDYING ONE SPECIAL GROUP OF LIZARDS 12 00:00:33,967 --> 00:00:35,101 {\an7}ARE DISCOVERING ANSWERS 13 00:00:35,135 --> 00:00:38,905 {\an7}\h\hTO BIG QUESTIONS ABOUT LIFE ON EARTH. 14 00:00:38,939 --> 00:00:44,111 {\an7}♪ 15 00:00:44,144 --> 00:00:47,714 {\an7}\h\h\hHOW DO ANIMALS ADAPT TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS? 16 00:00:47,748 --> 00:00:52,219 {\an7}HOW CAN SO MANY SPECIES \hCOEXIST IN ONE PLACE? 17 00:00:52,252 --> 00:00:56,656 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND HOW FAST CAN EVOLUTION HAPPEN? 18 00:00:56,690 --> 00:00:58,091 {\an7}\hMan: WHEN SCIENTISTS HAVE HAD BIG QUESTIONS 19 00:00:58,125 --> 00:00:59,860 {\an7}ABOUT THE WORLD AROUND US, 20 00:00:59,893 --> 00:01:01,595 {\an7}\hTIME AND TIME AGAIN OVER THE LAST CENTURY, 21 00:01:01,628 --> 00:01:05,232 {\an7}\hTHEY’VE TURNED TO ANOLES TO ANSWER THOSE QUESTIONS. 22 00:01:05,265 --> 00:01:07,334 {\an7}Neil: MY NAME IS NEIL LOSIN. 23 00:01:07,367 --> 00:01:10,604 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNate Dappen: AND MY NAME IS NATE DAPPEN. 24 00:01:10,637 --> 00:01:15,175 {\an7}NEIL AND I ARE BIOLOGISTS \hAND WILDLIFE FILMMAKERS. 25 00:01:15,208 --> 00:01:17,077 {\an7}WE’RE ON A YEAR-LONG JOURNEY, 26 00:01:17,110 --> 00:01:20,680 {\an7}TRAVELING FROM REMOTE FORESTS \h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND TINY ISLANDS 27 00:01:20,714 --> 00:01:23,984 {\an7}TO HIGH-TECH LABS \hAND BIG CITIES, 28 00:01:24,017 --> 00:01:28,822 {\an7}ALL IN PURSUIT OF THESE LIZARDS THAT DEFY OUR EXPECTATIONS. 29 00:01:30,824 --> 00:01:33,960 {\an7}AS THEY BATTLE THEIR RIVALS, \h\h\h\h\h\hEVADE PREDATORS, 30 00:01:33,994 --> 00:01:36,897 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND SURVIVE IN HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS, 31 00:01:36,930 --> 00:01:39,533 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHESE LITTLE LIZARDS SEEM TO MEET EVERY CHALLENGE 32 00:01:39,566 --> 00:01:43,537 {\an7}WITH AN INGENIOUS ADAPTATION. 33 00:01:43,570 --> 00:01:47,174 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE PROCESS, THEY REVEAL HOW SIMPLE RULES, 34 00:01:47,207 --> 00:01:50,310 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hWHAT NEIL AND I CALL THE LAWS OF THE LIZARD, 35 00:01:50,344 --> 00:01:53,380 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hCAN EXPLAIN THE COMPLEXITY OF NATURE. 36 00:01:53,413 --> 00:01:54,614 {\an7}YES, YES, YES, YES, YES! 37 00:01:54,648 --> 00:01:55,616 {\an7}OH! 38 00:01:55,649 --> 00:01:56,416 {\an7}YOU GOT HIM! 39 00:01:56,450 --> 00:01:57,751 {\an7}[LAUGHS] 40 00:01:57,784 --> 00:02:00,053 {\an7}Neil: ONE OF THE RAREST ANOLES \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE WORLD. 41 00:02:00,087 --> 00:02:03,257 {\an7}Nate: COME WITH US AND DISCOVER HOW THESE UNASSUMING LIZARDS 42 00:02:03,290 --> 00:02:07,127 {\an7}ARE CHANGING THE WAY WE THINK \h\h\h\h\hABOUT LIFE ON EARTH. 43 00:02:07,160 --> 00:02:16,136 {\an7}♪ 44 00:02:16,169 --> 00:02:20,674 {\an7}Neil: EVERY LIZARD BIOLOGIST \h\h\hREMEMBERS THEIR FIRST, 45 00:02:20,707 --> 00:02:24,811 {\an7}THAT IS, THE FIRST LIZARD \h\h\h\hTHEY EVER STUDIED. 46 00:02:24,845 --> 00:02:26,714 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE LIZARD THAT TOOK NATE’S INNOCENCE 47 00:02:26,747 --> 00:02:32,486 {\an7}\h\h\hWAS A STRANGE COSTA RICAN SPECIES CALLED THE RIVER ANOLE. 48 00:02:32,519 --> 00:02:35,789 {\an7}NATE AND I BOTH GOT OUR PhDs \h\h\h\h\hSTUDYING LIZARDS. 49 00:02:35,822 --> 00:02:37,290 {\an7}AND OVER THE LAST TEN YEARS, 50 00:02:37,324 --> 00:02:38,892 {\an7}WE’VE BECOME COLLABORATORS, 51 00:02:38,925 --> 00:02:43,263 {\an7}BUSINESS PARTNERS, AND BEST FRIENDS. 52 00:02:43,296 --> 00:02:44,564 {\an7}THROUGH ALL OF THAT, 53 00:02:44,598 --> 00:02:48,769 {\an7}\h\hNATE HAS NOT SHUT UP ABOUT THAT RIVER ANOLE, 54 00:02:48,802 --> 00:02:51,738 {\an7}SO WE’RE STARTING OUR JOURNEY IN NATE’S OLD STOMPING GROUNDS 55 00:02:51,772 --> 00:02:54,074 {\an7}IN THE MOUNTAINS OF COSTA RICA 56 00:02:54,107 --> 00:02:56,476 {\an7}\h\h\hTO FIND THE LIZARD THAT WAS SO INTERESTING, 57 00:02:56,510 --> 00:02:59,947 {\an7}\h\hIT CONVINCED NATE TO BECOME A BIOLOGIST. 58 00:02:59,980 --> 00:03:07,154 {\an7}♪ 59 00:03:07,187 --> 00:03:10,190 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNate: IF YOU GET A CHANCE TO SEE A RIVER ANOLE, 60 00:03:10,223 --> 00:03:11,391 {\an7}THE FIRST THING THAT IT’LL DO 61 00:03:11,425 --> 00:03:13,427 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIS SORT OF MOVE TO THE OTHER SIDE OF THE ROCK 62 00:03:13,460 --> 00:03:14,928 {\an7}OR THE BRANCH THAT IT’S ON. 63 00:03:17,664 --> 00:03:19,466 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIF IT THINKS THAT YOU’RE A REAL THREAT, 64 00:03:19,499 --> 00:03:21,067 {\an7}IT WILL DO SOMETHING AMAZING. 65 00:03:21,101 --> 00:03:31,712 {\an7}♪ 66 00:03:31,745 --> 00:03:34,481 {\an7}SOMETIMES, RIVER ANOLES \h\hREAPPEAR DOWNSTREAM 67 00:03:34,514 --> 00:03:37,183 {\an7}AFTER JUST A FEW SECONDS. 68 00:03:37,217 --> 00:03:41,421 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hIT’S HARD TO PREDICT EXACTLY WHERE THEY’LL POP UP. 69 00:03:41,455 --> 00:03:45,426 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOTHER TIMES, THEY JUST SEEM TO VANISH. 70 00:03:45,459 --> 00:03:49,096 {\an7}WHAT ARE THEY DOING WHEN THEY DISAPPEAR? 71 00:03:49,129 --> 00:03:51,965 {\an7}Neil: ALMOST AS SOON AS WE GOT \hOUR CAMERA UNDER THE WATER, 72 00:03:51,998 --> 00:03:53,299 {\an7}WE WERE DOCUMENTING A BEHAVIOR 73 00:03:53,333 --> 00:03:55,669 {\an7}\hTHAT’S ESSENTIALLY UNKNOWN TO SCIENCE. 74 00:03:57,771 --> 00:04:00,207 {\an7}Nate: ONE FEMALE CLUNG \hTO A ROCK UNDERWATER 75 00:04:00,240 --> 00:04:02,909 {\an7}FOR ALMOST TEN MINUTES. 76 00:04:02,943 --> 00:04:06,246 {\an7}WE FIGURED SHE MUST BE \hHOLDING HER BREATH, 77 00:04:06,279 --> 00:04:08,481 {\an7}BUT WHEN WE WATCHED OUR FOOTAGE, 78 00:04:08,515 --> 00:04:12,753 {\an7}\hWE SAW SOMETHING THAT BLEW US AWAY. 79 00:04:12,786 --> 00:04:16,123 {\an7}LOOK CAREFULLY, AND YOU CAN SEE A LITTLE AIR BUBBLE 80 00:04:16,156 --> 00:04:19,326 {\an7}GROWING AND SHRINKING \h\h\h\h\hON HER HEAD. 81 00:04:19,359 --> 00:04:21,828 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hIT LOOKS LIKE SHE’S REBREATHING HER AIR, 82 00:04:21,862 --> 00:04:26,633 {\an7}\h\h\hLIKE A DEEP-SEA DIVER RECYCLING HER OXYGEN SUPPLY. 83 00:04:26,666 --> 00:04:28,568 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hRESEARCHERS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO 84 00:04:28,602 --> 00:04:32,806 {\an7}ARE NOW TRYING TO UNDERSTAND \hTHIS REBREATHING BEHAVIOR. 85 00:04:32,839 --> 00:04:37,410 {\an7}THE FIRST LAW OF THE LIZARD-- \h\h\h\h\h\hEXPECT SURPRISES. 86 00:04:37,444 --> 00:04:43,450 {\an7}♪ 87 00:04:43,483 --> 00:04:44,818 {\an7}IT’S AN EXCITING START 88 00:04:44,851 --> 00:04:48,722 {\an7}TO A QUEST WE’VE BEEN THINKING \h\h\hABOUT EVER SINCE WE MET. 89 00:04:50,791 --> 00:04:53,494 {\an7}Neil: I MET NATE DAPPEN IN 2008 IN COSTA RICA 90 00:04:53,527 --> 00:04:54,595 {\an7}WHEN WE WERE BOTH STUDENTS 91 00:04:54,628 --> 00:04:57,764 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hON THE SAME TROPICAL BIOLOGY COURSE. 92 00:04:57,798 --> 00:04:59,500 {\an7}Nate: WE WERE SO SIMILAR, \h\hIT WAS KIND OF SPOOKY. 93 00:04:59,533 --> 00:05:00,968 {\an7}AND SO, WE’RE THE SAME HEIGHT, \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSAME SIZE. 94 00:05:01,001 --> 00:05:03,170 {\an7}WE CAN FIT INTO EACH OTHER’S \h\h\hCLOTHES IF WE NEED TO. 95 00:05:03,203 --> 00:05:05,439 {\an7}\h\hAND WE WERE BOTH STUDYING EVOLUTION, 96 00:05:05,472 --> 00:05:07,307 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND WE WERE BOTH REALLY INTO PHOTOGRAPHY, 97 00:05:07,340 --> 00:05:08,575 {\an7}AND SO WE EITHER HAD THE DECISION 98 00:05:08,608 --> 00:05:12,011 {\an7}TO DESTROY EACH OTHER \h\h\hOR JOIN FORCES. 99 00:05:12,045 --> 00:05:13,947 {\an7}Neil: LUCKILY FOR NATE, 100 00:05:13,980 --> 00:05:16,149 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWE DECIDED NOT TO DESTROY EACH OTHER. 101 00:05:16,183 --> 00:05:19,553 {\an7}INSTEAD, WE STARTED WORKING \h\hTOGETHER ON EXPERIMENTS, 102 00:05:19,586 --> 00:05:23,824 {\an7}\hPHOTOGRAPHY PROJECTS, AND EVENTUALLY ON FILMS. 103 00:05:23,857 --> 00:05:25,092 {\an7}Nate: AND WE SORT OF HAD THIS DECISION TO MAKE-- 104 00:05:25,125 --> 00:05:27,260 {\an7}DID WE WANT TO CONTINUE ON \h\h\hAND BE RESEARCHERS, 105 00:05:27,294 --> 00:05:29,963 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hOR DID WE WANT TO GO INTO FILM FULL TIME? 106 00:05:29,996 --> 00:05:31,397 {\an7}AND WE SORT OF DECIDED TOGETHER 107 00:05:31,431 --> 00:05:32,866 {\an7}THAT WE WERE GONNA \hTAKE THE PLUNGE 108 00:05:32,899 --> 00:05:36,169 {\an7}AND START MAKING SCIENCE FILMS \h\h\h\h\h\h\hPROFESSIONALLY. 109 00:05:36,203 --> 00:05:39,173 {\an7}\hNeil: EVER SINCE, NATE AND I HAVE TRAVELED AROUND THE WORLD 110 00:05:39,206 --> 00:05:42,976 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hMAKING FILMS ABOUT WILDLIFE AND SCIENCE. 111 00:05:43,009 --> 00:05:44,878 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hONE FILM WE’VE ALWAYS WANTED TO MAKE 112 00:05:44,911 --> 00:05:47,480 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIS THE STORY OF THESE LITTLE CREATURES 113 00:05:47,514 --> 00:05:52,219 {\an7}\hTHAT HAVE HAD A HUGE IMPACT ON OUR UNDERSTANDING OF LIFE. 114 00:05:52,252 --> 00:05:56,189 {\an7}\hWE WANTED TO TELL THE STORY OF ANOLES. 115 00:05:56,223 --> 00:05:57,357 {\an7}Nate: WE’VE ALL SEEN \h\h\hDOCUMENTARIES 116 00:05:57,390 --> 00:06:00,026 {\an7}WITH LIONS AND SHARKS \h\h\h\hAND ELEPHANTS, 117 00:06:00,060 --> 00:06:01,128 {\an7}BUT NONE OF THOSE SPECIES 118 00:06:01,161 --> 00:06:03,497 {\an7}\h\h\hHAVE HAD REMOTELY THE SAME KIND OF IMPACT 119 00:06:03,530 --> 00:06:07,434 {\an7}ON OUR UNDERSTANDING OF BIOLOGY AS ANOLES HAVE. 120 00:06:07,467 --> 00:06:10,637 {\an7}\hNeil: FROM EVOLUTION TO ECOLOGY, GENETICS, 121 00:06:10,670 --> 00:06:14,107 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hPHYSIOLOGY, EVEN CONSERVATION BIOLOGY. 122 00:06:14,140 --> 00:06:20,680 {\an7}♪ 123 00:06:20,714 --> 00:06:22,916 {\an7}SO, WHAT ARE ANOLES? 124 00:06:22,949 --> 00:06:25,251 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHEY’RE A GROUP OF CLOSELY RELATED LIZARD SPECIES 125 00:06:25,285 --> 00:06:28,221 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT LIVE ALL OVER THE AMERICAN TROPICS. 126 00:06:28,255 --> 00:06:30,791 {\an7}THERE ARE MORE THAN 400 SPECIES OF ANOLES 127 00:06:30,824 --> 00:06:34,861 {\an7}WITH A WIDE RANGE OF COLORS, \h\h\hSIZES, AND BEHAVIORS. 128 00:06:34,895 --> 00:06:36,930 {\an7}BUT DESPITE ALL THIS VARIATION, 129 00:06:36,963 --> 00:06:41,768 {\an7}ANOLES SHARE TWO TRAITS THAT SET THEM APART FROM OTHER LIZARDS, 130 00:06:41,801 --> 00:06:44,637 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND THAT’S THE DEWLAP, WHICH IS A COLORFUL FLAP OF SKIN 131 00:06:44,671 --> 00:06:46,673 {\an7}THAT EXTENDS FROM THE THROAT, 132 00:06:46,706 --> 00:06:49,709 {\an7}AND STICKY, ADHESIVE TOE PADS \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hON THEIR FEET, 133 00:06:49,743 --> 00:06:54,014 {\an7}\h\h\hWHICH ALLOW THEM TO CLIMB ON SMOOTH SURFACES LIKE LEAVES. 134 00:06:54,047 --> 00:06:57,284 {\an7}\h\h\h\hSOME OTHER LIZARDS HAVE DEWLAPS OR TOE PADS, 135 00:06:57,317 --> 00:06:59,820 {\an7}BUT ONLY ANOLES HAVE BOTH. 136 00:07:02,756 --> 00:07:04,791 {\an7}\h\h\hNate: THE DEWLAP IS USED TO COMMUNICATE 137 00:07:04,824 --> 00:07:06,559 {\an7}\h\h\h\hWITH MEMBERS OF THE SAME SPECIES. 138 00:07:06,593 --> 00:07:07,961 {\an7}\h\h\h\hMALES USE IT TO TELL OTHER MALES, 139 00:07:07,994 --> 00:07:10,597 {\an7}"HEY, THIS IS MY TERRITORY. \h\h\h\hDON’T MESS WITH ME," 140 00:07:10,630 --> 00:07:13,700 {\an7}OR THEY USE IT TO SHOW FEMALES, "HEY, COME OVER HERE, 141 00:07:13,733 --> 00:07:16,569 {\an7}I’VE GOT THIS GREAT TERRITORY, \hAND I’M REALLY ATTRACTIVE." 142 00:07:19,072 --> 00:07:21,107 {\an7}Neil: TO WARD OFF A POTENTIAL RIVAL, 143 00:07:21,141 --> 00:07:26,013 {\an7}\h\hA MALE ANOLE WILL PERFORM A SORT OF RITUALIZED DISPLAY. 144 00:07:26,046 --> 00:07:29,016 {\an7}HE’LL DO PUSH-UPS, 145 00:07:29,049 --> 00:07:31,251 {\an7}AND HE’LL FLASH HIS DEWLAP. 146 00:07:33,253 --> 00:07:36,857 {\an7}\h\h\hIF THAT DOESN’T INTIMIDATE HIS RIVAL, 147 00:07:36,890 --> 00:07:40,927 {\an7}THEIR ENCOUNTER CAN ESCALATE \h\h\hINTO A VIOLENT BATTLE. 148 00:07:40,961 --> 00:07:55,242 {\an7}♪ 149 00:07:55,275 --> 00:07:57,744 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIF THE MALE CAN DEFEND HIS TERRITORY, 150 00:07:57,777 --> 00:08:01,881 {\an7}HE’LL HAVE OPPORTUNITIES \h\h\h\hTO COURT FEMALES 151 00:08:01,915 --> 00:08:05,519 {\an7}AND, IF HE’S LUCKY, \hA CHANCE TO MATE. 152 00:08:05,552 --> 00:08:16,797 {\an7}♪ 153 00:08:16,830 --> 00:08:21,301 {\an7}\h\h\h\hNate: ANOLES ARE FIERCE HUNTERS THAT CHASE DOWN AND EAT 154 00:08:21,334 --> 00:08:23,770 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hALMOST ANYTHING THAT FITS IN THEIR MOUTHS... 155 00:08:27,974 --> 00:08:31,077 {\an7}FROM INSECTS AND SPIDERS 156 00:08:31,111 --> 00:08:32,913 {\an7}TO OTHER LIZARDS, 157 00:08:32,946 --> 00:08:35,715 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hEVEN MEMBERS OF THEIR OWN SPECIES. 158 00:08:35,749 --> 00:08:48,829 {\an7}♪ 159 00:08:48,862 --> 00:08:51,198 {\an7}ONE THE MOST SURPRISING THINGS \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hABOUT ANOLES 160 00:08:51,231 --> 00:08:53,233 {\an7}IS THAT GENERATIONS \h\h\hOF SCIENTISTS 161 00:08:53,266 --> 00:08:57,403 {\an7}\hHAVE DEDICATED THEIR LIVES TO STUDYING THESE CRITTERS. 162 00:08:57,437 --> 00:09:00,006 {\an7}\h\h\hTO UNDERSTAND WHY, WE NEED TO INTRODUCE YOU 163 00:09:00,040 --> 00:09:05,646 {\an7}TO THE MAN AT THE CENTER \hOF THE ANOLE UNIVERSE. 164 00:09:05,678 --> 00:09:07,046 {\an7}Man: IF YOU MENTION \hANOLES TO ANYBODY, 165 00:09:07,080 --> 00:09:09,015 {\an7}THEY’RE GOING TO THINK \h\hOF JONATHAN LOSOS. 166 00:09:09,049 --> 00:09:11,518 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hMan: FIRST PERSON THAT JUMPS TO MIND IS JONATHAN LOSOS. 167 00:09:11,551 --> 00:09:12,452 {\an7}Man: JONATHAN LOSOS. 168 00:09:12,485 --> 00:09:13,619 {\an7}Man: JONATHAN LOSOS. 169 00:09:13,653 --> 00:09:14,921 {\an7}Woman: JONATHAN LOSOS. 170 00:09:14,954 --> 00:09:16,389 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hMan: YEAH, I WOULD SAY JONATHAN LOSOS IS THE BOB DYLAN 171 00:09:16,423 --> 00:09:18,659 {\an7}OF ANOLE LIZARD BIOLOGY. 172 00:09:18,691 --> 00:09:19,859 {\an7}Woman: THE LEONARDO DA VINCI. 173 00:09:19,893 --> 00:09:20,660 {\an7}Man: THE GODFATHER. 174 00:09:20,693 --> 00:09:21,460 {\an7}Woman: THE JOHN LENNON. 175 00:09:21,494 --> 00:09:22,261 {\an7}Man: THE BARACK OBAMA. 176 00:09:22,295 --> 00:09:23,830 {\an7}Man: THE... 177 00:09:23,863 --> 00:09:26,833 {\an7}...ALBUS DUMBLEDORE \hOF LIZARD BIOLOGY. 178 00:09:28,268 --> 00:09:29,770 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hMan: AND JONATHAN HAS LITERALLY WRITTEN THE BOOK 179 00:09:29,803 --> 00:09:33,774 {\an7}ON, ON ANOLE BIOLOGY. 180 00:09:33,807 --> 00:09:35,909 {\an7}\hJonathan Losos: THE TWO MOST COMMON WAYS OF PRONOUNCING IT 181 00:09:35,942 --> 00:09:39,012 {\an7}ARE "AN-OLE" AND "UH-NOLE." 182 00:09:39,045 --> 00:09:40,780 {\an7}AND THERE’S NO RIGHT OR WRONG. 183 00:09:40,814 --> 00:09:42,716 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND I ACTUALLY GO BACK AND FORTH, EITHER ONE, 184 00:09:42,749 --> 00:09:45,385 {\an7}FOR NO PARTICULAR REASON. 185 00:09:45,418 --> 00:09:48,821 {\an7}\h\h\h\hMan: I MEAN, HE JUST REALLY LOVES ANOLIS LIZARDS. 186 00:09:48,855 --> 00:09:52,492 {\an7}HE JUST ALSO HAPPENS TO BE \h\hA BRILLIANT SCIENTIST. 187 00:09:54,427 --> 00:09:56,796 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hNate: WE CAUGHT UP WITH JONATHAN IN COSTA RICA 188 00:09:56,830 --> 00:10:01,601 {\an7}\h\h\hTO FIND OUT HOW HIS NAME BECAME SYNONYMOUS WITH ANOLES. 189 00:10:01,634 --> 00:10:02,468 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hJonathan: THERE’S A PICTURE OF ME 190 00:10:02,502 --> 00:10:05,038 {\an7}WHEN I WAS ABOUT EIGHT IN MIAMI, 191 00:10:05,071 --> 00:10:07,840 {\an7}\h\hAND I’D JUST CAUGHT A, A LITTLE GREEN ANOLE. 192 00:10:07,874 --> 00:10:10,110 {\an7}\hIT’S A PICTURE OF ME LOOKING VERY DOOFY WITH A GREEN ANOLE, 193 00:10:10,143 --> 00:10:11,845 {\an7}SO I GO WAY BACK WITH THEM. 194 00:10:14,481 --> 00:10:15,816 {\an7}Nate: IT SOUNDED LIKE DESTINY 195 00:10:15,849 --> 00:10:20,287 {\an7}THAT JONATHAN WOULD BECOME \h\h\hAN ANOLE RESEARCHER. 196 00:10:20,320 --> 00:10:23,590 {\an7}\hJonathan: AND SO I’VE BEEN STUDYING ANOLES EVER SINCE. 197 00:10:23,623 --> 00:10:26,526 {\an7}Nate: AND DO YOU KNOW \hANY GOOD ANOLE PUNS? 198 00:10:26,559 --> 00:10:27,660 {\an7}Jonathan: WELL, ONLY ONE. 199 00:10:27,694 --> 00:10:30,230 {\an7}IT’S ANOLE-Y, BUT A GOODIE. 200 00:10:30,263 --> 00:10:31,431 {\an7}[IMITATES RIMSHOT] 201 00:10:31,464 --> 00:10:33,399 {\an7}Neil: OH! 202 00:10:35,802 --> 00:10:38,338 {\an7}\h\hNate: I FIRST MET JONATHAN WHEN I WAS A GRADUATE STUDENT, 203 00:10:38,371 --> 00:10:42,375 {\an7}AND HE TRIED TO CONVINCE ME \h\h\h\h\h\hTO STUDY ANOLES. 204 00:10:42,408 --> 00:10:43,409 {\an7}Jonathan: I REMEMBER THAT. 205 00:10:43,443 --> 00:10:45,145 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hI SAID, THE GUY’S LIVING IN MIAMI, 206 00:10:45,178 --> 00:10:47,013 {\an7}AND HE WANTS TO GO TO SPAIN \h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO DO HIS PhD 207 00:10:47,046 --> 00:10:49,415 {\an7}WHEN THERE ARE ANOLES \h\h\hIN HIS BACKYARD. 208 00:10:49,449 --> 00:10:50,850 {\an7}CRAZY MAN! 209 00:10:50,884 --> 00:10:52,319 {\an7}\h\hNate: I KNOW, BUT WHAT I DID INSTEAD IS I CONVINCED THIS GUY. 210 00:10:52,352 --> 00:10:53,386 {\an7}Neil: HE PAID IT FORWARD. 211 00:10:53,419 --> 00:10:54,854 {\an7}Jonathan: WELL, ALL RIGHT. \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hEXCELLENT. 212 00:10:54,888 --> 00:10:59,192 {\an7}\hSO, FAILURE, SUCCESS. THAT’S HOW I LOOK AT IT. 213 00:10:59,225 --> 00:11:01,861 {\an7}Neil: I SPENT THREE YEARS STUDYING ANOLES IN MIAMI, 214 00:11:01,895 --> 00:11:05,198 {\an7}WHERE THEY’RE JUST PART OF LIFE. 215 00:11:05,231 --> 00:11:08,634 {\an7}YOU’D RUN INTO PEOPLE-- \hJOGGERS, DOG WALKERS- 216 00:11:08,668 --> 00:11:10,870 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND MOST PEOPLE HAVE SOME AWARENESS OF ANOLES. 217 00:11:10,904 --> 00:11:13,507 {\an7}BUT PEOPLE ARE USUALLY SURPRISED TO LEARN THAT I’M NOT JUST 218 00:11:13,540 --> 00:11:16,043 {\an7}THIS ONE RANDOM WEIRDO OUT THERE IN THE PARK, 219 00:11:16,075 --> 00:11:18,277 {\an7}\hBUT THERE ARE ACTUALLY HUNDREDS OF BIOLOGISTS, 220 00:11:18,311 --> 00:11:20,747 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hINCLUDING SOME OF THE TOP SCIENTISTS IN THE WORLD, 221 00:11:20,780 --> 00:11:24,651 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWHO ARE STUDYING THESE PARTICULAR LIZARDS. 222 00:11:24,684 --> 00:11:26,152 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hJonathan: IT’S HARD TO KNOW FOR SURE 223 00:11:26,186 --> 00:11:29,556 {\an7}HOW MANY PAPERS ON ANOLES HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED OVER THE YEARS. 224 00:11:29,589 --> 00:11:34,394 {\an7}I WOULD GUESS 5,000, \h\h\hMAYBE 10,000. 225 00:11:34,427 --> 00:11:37,330 {\an7}Nate: SO, A LOT OF PEOPLE \h\h\h\h\h\hSTUDY ANOLES, 226 00:11:37,363 --> 00:11:40,566 {\an7}\h\h\h\hBUT WHERE DOES THE ANOLE STORY BEGIN? 227 00:11:40,600 --> 00:11:42,168 {\an7}A GOOD PLACE TO START IS 228 00:11:42,202 --> 00:11:46,006 {\an7}THE WORLD’S LARGEST COLLECTION \h\hOF REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 229 00:11:46,039 --> 00:11:50,777 {\an7}AT THE SMITHSONIAN NATIONAL \hMUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. 230 00:11:50,810 --> 00:11:54,247 {\an7}Kevin de Queiroz: WE HAVE \hALMOST 600,000 SPECIMENS 231 00:11:54,280 --> 00:11:56,048 {\an7}OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES. 232 00:11:56,082 --> 00:11:57,817 {\an7}OF THOSE 600,000, 233 00:11:57,850 --> 00:12:03,055 {\an7}ABOUT 18,000 OF THEM ARE ANOLIS LIZARDS. 234 00:12:03,089 --> 00:12:04,791 {\an7}Neil: THESE SCIENTIFIC \hCOLLECTIONS ARE LIKE 235 00:12:04,824 --> 00:12:09,362 {\an7}\hA COMBINATION DICTIONARY AND ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE ON EARTH. 236 00:12:09,395 --> 00:12:12,265 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHEY SHOW SCIENTISTS WHAT SPECIES LOOK LIKE TODAY 237 00:12:12,298 --> 00:12:15,301 {\an7}AND HOW THEY’VE CHANGED \h\h\h\h\h\h\hOVER TIME. 238 00:12:15,335 --> 00:12:19,339 {\an7}UNFORTUNATELY, ANOLE FOSSILS \h\h\h\hARE INCREDIBLY RARE, 239 00:12:19,372 --> 00:12:23,209 {\an7}SO, UNTIL RECENTLY, THE FOSSIL RECORD DIDN’T SHED MUCH LIGHT 240 00:12:23,243 --> 00:12:26,813 {\an7}ON THE ANCIENT HISTORY \h\h\h\h\h\hOF ANOLES. 241 00:12:26,846 --> 00:12:29,749 {\an7}\h\hBUT ALL THAT CHANGED WITH RECENT DISCOVERIES 242 00:12:29,782 --> 00:12:32,184 {\an7}ON THE ISLAND OF HISPANIOLA. 243 00:12:34,520 --> 00:12:36,155 {\an7}Kevin: THERE’S A FAMOUS \h\h\h\h\hAMBER INDUSTRY 244 00:12:36,189 --> 00:12:37,857 {\an7}THAT’S BEEN GOING ON THERE \h\h\h\h\hFOR A LONG TIME. 245 00:12:37,890 --> 00:12:39,258 {\an7}THEY’RE USED FOR JEWELRY, 246 00:12:39,292 --> 00:12:43,229 {\an7}\hBUT OCCASIONALLY YOU FIND BABY LIZARDS IN THERE, TOO. 247 00:12:46,432 --> 00:12:48,734 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hNate: ONE OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL THINGS I’VE EVER SEEN 248 00:12:48,768 --> 00:12:53,306 {\an7}WAS A 20-MILLION-YEAR-OLD ANOLE TRAPPED IN AMBER. 249 00:12:53,339 --> 00:12:54,707 {\an7}THERE WERE BUBBLES IN THE STONE 250 00:12:54,741 --> 00:12:59,012 {\an7}THAT TRULY CONTAINED THE AIR \hTHAT THAT LIZARD BREATHED. 251 00:13:01,180 --> 00:13:02,848 {\an7}THESE LIZARDS TRAPPED IN AMBER 252 00:13:02,882 --> 00:13:06,018 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hSHOW US THAT ANOLES HAVE BEEN LIVING AND EVOLVING 253 00:13:06,052 --> 00:13:10,790 {\an7}ON THE ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN FOR TENS OF MILLIONS OF YEARS. 254 00:13:10,823 --> 00:13:12,491 {\an7}THAT HISTORY IS PRESERVED 255 00:13:12,525 --> 00:13:16,229 {\an7}IN THE JARS THAT LINE THE WALLS OF THESE COLLECTIONS. 256 00:13:16,262 --> 00:13:19,232 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hLOOK CLOSELY, AND YOU’LL START TO APPRECIATE 257 00:13:19,265 --> 00:13:23,870 {\an7}\hTHAT THESE LITTLE LIZARDS ARE THE KEY TO A BIG STORY-- 258 00:13:23,903 --> 00:13:26,672 {\an7}\hTHE STORY OF LIFE AND HOW IT EVOLVES. 259 00:13:29,342 --> 00:13:32,912 {\an7}\h\hTO DISCOVER THE SECRETS THAT ONLY ANOLES CAN REVEAL, 260 00:13:32,945 --> 00:13:34,613 {\an7}WE NEED TO FOLLOW \hIN THE FOOTSTEPS 261 00:13:34,647 --> 00:13:37,250 {\an7}OF GENERATIONS OF SCIENTISTS. 262 00:13:37,283 --> 00:13:39,318 {\an7}WE NEED TO GO TO THE CARIBBEAN. 263 00:13:42,655 --> 00:13:47,293 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hHERE IN PUERTO RICO, A WORLD OF SURPRISES IS WAITING. 264 00:13:51,197 --> 00:13:56,035 {\an7}\hNeil: IN THE CARIBBEAN, LAND COMES IN ALL SHAPES AND SIZES. 265 00:13:56,069 --> 00:13:58,905 {\an7}IF YOU VISIT THE BIGGEST ISLANDS IN THE CARIBBEAN, 266 00:13:58,938 --> 00:14:00,339 {\an7}THE FIRST THING YOU’LL NOTICE 267 00:14:00,373 --> 00:14:04,210 {\an7}IS THAT THEY’RE CRAWLING \h\h\h\h\h\hWITH ANOLES. 268 00:14:04,243 --> 00:14:06,746 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hLOOK CLOSELY, AND YOU’LL SEE THAT THESE ANOLES 269 00:14:06,779 --> 00:14:09,949 {\an7}COME IN ALL SHAPES AND SIZES, \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTOO. 270 00:14:09,982 --> 00:14:13,018 {\an7}AND JUST LIKE BODYBUILDERS \h\h\h\h\hAND BALLERINAS, 271 00:14:13,052 --> 00:14:15,388 {\an7}AN ANOLE’S ANATOMY CAN TELL US A LOT 272 00:14:15,421 --> 00:14:17,423 {\an7}ABOUT HOW IT MAKES A LIVING. 273 00:14:19,759 --> 00:14:24,530 {\an7}STEP INTO A PUERTO RICAN FOREST, AND YOU CAN SEE WHAT I MEAN. 274 00:14:24,564 --> 00:14:27,867 {\an7}YOU WON’T HAVE TO WAIT LONG \h\hTO SEE YOUR FIRST ANOLE. 275 00:14:27,900 --> 00:14:30,736 {\an7}MAYBE IT’LL BE A BROWN ANOLE \h\h\h\h\h\h\hWITH LONG LEGS 276 00:14:30,770 --> 00:14:32,472 {\an7}ON THE TRUNK OF A TREE. 277 00:14:34,974 --> 00:14:36,242 {\an7}HIGHER IN THE TREE, 278 00:14:36,275 --> 00:14:39,278 {\an7}YOU MIGHT FIND A GREEN ANOLE \h\h\h\h\hWITH SHORTER LEGS 279 00:14:39,312 --> 00:14:43,783 {\an7}CLIMBING IN THE LEAVES \h\h\h\hAND BRANCHES. 280 00:14:43,816 --> 00:14:47,620 {\an7}AND DOWN BY YOUR FEET, AN ANOLE WITH A LONG TAIL AND STRIPES 281 00:14:47,653 --> 00:14:52,892 {\an7}THAT DISAPPEARS INTO THE GRASS \h\h\h\hIF YOU GET TOO CLOSE. 282 00:14:52,925 --> 00:14:55,227 {\an7}HIGH IN THE CANOPY, \h\hIF YOU’RE LUCKY, 283 00:14:55,261 --> 00:14:57,597 {\an7}\h\h\h\hYOU MIGHT SEE A MASSIVE GREEN ANOLE 284 00:14:57,630 --> 00:15:02,268 {\an7}\hWITH STRONG JAWS AND HUGE TOE PADS. 285 00:15:02,301 --> 00:15:05,704 {\an7}AND IF YOU SIT REALLY STILL, YOU COULD SPOT A TINY ANOLE 286 00:15:05,738 --> 00:15:08,274 {\an7}WITH A SHORT TAIL \hAND STUBBY LEGS 287 00:15:08,307 --> 00:15:12,578 {\an7}CLINGING TO THE SMALLEST TWIGS \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE FOREST. 288 00:15:12,612 --> 00:15:13,713 {\an7}ALL OF THESE ANOLES 289 00:15:13,746 --> 00:15:16,716 {\an7}\hLIVE SIDE BY SIDE HERE IN PUERTO RICO, 290 00:15:16,749 --> 00:15:19,952 {\an7}\h\h\h\hBUT THEY AREN’T JUST RANDOMLY SCATTERED ALL OVER. 291 00:15:19,986 --> 00:15:22,922 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHEY SPECIALIZE, SO YOU TEND TO FIND EACH TYPE 292 00:15:22,955 --> 00:15:26,525 {\an7}IN A DIFFERENT PART \h\h\hOF THE FOREST. 293 00:15:26,559 --> 00:15:30,329 {\an7}SOME LOW, SOME HIGH. 294 00:15:30,363 --> 00:15:32,332 {\an7}SOME ON THE TREE TRUNKS 295 00:15:32,365 --> 00:15:35,935 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND OTHERS OUT ON THE SMALLEST TWIGS. 296 00:15:40,039 --> 00:15:45,311 {\an7}\h\hHOP OVER TO A SECOND ISLAND, AND THE PATTERN BECOMES CLEARER. 297 00:15:45,344 --> 00:15:47,079 {\an7}HERE IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, 298 00:15:47,113 --> 00:15:51,584 {\an7}THE ANOLE SPECIES ARE DIFFERENT THAN THE ONES IN PUERTO RICO, 299 00:15:51,617 --> 00:15:56,722 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hBUT LOOK AROUND, AND IT’LL FEEL LIKE DEJA VU. 300 00:15:56,756 --> 00:15:59,325 {\an7}\h\hYOU’LL FIND ANOLES IN ALL THE SAME PLACES 301 00:15:59,358 --> 00:16:02,728 {\an7}YOU SAW THEM IN PUERTO RICO-- 302 00:16:02,762 --> 00:16:06,399 {\an7}LONG-LEGGED BROWN ANOLES \h\hON THE TREE TRUNKS, 303 00:16:06,432 --> 00:16:10,736 {\an7}\h\h\hANOLES WITH LONG TAILS AND STRIPES IN THE GRASSES, 304 00:16:10,770 --> 00:16:15,408 {\an7}\h\h\h\hGIANT GREEN ANOLES IN THE CANOPY, AND SO ON. 305 00:16:15,441 --> 00:16:18,044 {\an7}THE SPECIES PLAYING THESE ROLES ARE DIFFERENT, 306 00:16:18,077 --> 00:16:21,948 {\an7}BUT THEY LOOK STRIKINGLY SIMILAR BETWEEN ISLANDS. 307 00:16:21,981 --> 00:16:24,717 {\an7}IT’S ALMOST AS IF DIFFERENT \h\h\h\h\hLOOK-ALIKE ACTORS 308 00:16:24,750 --> 00:16:28,654 {\an7}WERE PERFORMING THE SAME SHOW. 309 00:16:28,688 --> 00:16:29,923 {\an7}ACROSS THE CARIBBEAN, 310 00:16:29,956 --> 00:16:32,759 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hANOLES THAT LIVE IN THE SAME PART OF THE FOREST 311 00:16:32,792 --> 00:16:35,595 {\an7}\h\h\hSHARE SIMILAR ANATOMICAL FEATURES, 312 00:16:35,628 --> 00:16:39,365 {\an7}NO MATTER WHICH ISLAND \h\h\h\hTHEY INHABIT. 313 00:16:39,398 --> 00:16:40,933 {\an7}IT’S SUCH AN UNUSUAL PATTERN 314 00:16:40,967 --> 00:16:45,538 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHAT ANOLE RESEARCHERS INVENTED A WORD TO DESCRIBE IT. 315 00:16:45,571 --> 00:16:46,906 {\an7}THEY CALLED THESE ANOLE TYPES 316 00:16:46,939 --> 00:16:51,076 {\an7}THAT REPEAT FROM ISLAND \hTO ISLAND "ECOMORPHS." 317 00:16:52,812 --> 00:16:54,080 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hJonathan: THE ECOMORPHS ARE NAMED 318 00:16:54,113 --> 00:16:58,551 {\an7}FOR WHERE IN THE ENVIRONMENT \h\hYOU USUALLY FIND THEM-- 319 00:16:58,584 --> 00:17:00,486 {\an7}TRUNK GROUND, 320 00:17:00,520 --> 00:17:01,988 {\an7}TRUNK, 321 00:17:02,021 --> 00:17:03,956 {\an7}TRUNK CROWN, 322 00:17:03,990 --> 00:17:05,725 {\an7}THE CROWN GIANT, 323 00:17:05,758 --> 00:17:07,627 {\an7}TWIG, 324 00:17:07,660 --> 00:17:10,930 {\an7}AND GRASS BUSH. 325 00:17:10,963 --> 00:17:14,467 {\an7}Neil: CUBA, HISPANIOLA, JAMAICA, AND PUERTO RICO 326 00:17:14,500 --> 00:17:16,569 {\an7}EACH HAVE DIFFERENT SPECIES, 327 00:17:16,602 --> 00:17:20,339 {\an7}\hBUT THEY ALL HAVE THE SAME ECOMORPHS. 328 00:17:20,373 --> 00:17:24,010 {\an7}THE QUESTION IS, WHY DO LIZARDS LIVING IN THE SAME HABITAT 329 00:17:24,043 --> 00:17:28,080 {\an7}BUT ON DIFFERENT ISLANDS \h\h\h\hLOOK SO SIMILAR? 330 00:17:28,114 --> 00:17:30,016 {\an7}\h\hJonathan: WHY DO THE ONES NEAR THE GROUND HAVE LONG LEGS 331 00:17:30,049 --> 00:17:32,385 {\an7}AND THE ONES UP IN THE TREES \h\h\h\h\h\hHAVE SHORT LEGS? 332 00:17:32,418 --> 00:17:33,619 {\an7}WHY UP IN THE TREE 333 00:17:33,653 --> 00:17:35,855 {\an7}DO THEY HAVE BIG TOE PADS \hAND THEY’RE OFTEN GREEN 334 00:17:35,888 --> 00:17:37,089 {\an7}AND THE ONES DOWN ON THE GROUND 335 00:17:37,123 --> 00:17:40,560 {\an7}\hHAVE SMALLER TOES PADS AND ARE BROWN IN COLOR? 336 00:17:40,593 --> 00:17:42,995 {\an7}Nate: JONATHAN SUSPECTED \h\hTHAT EACH ECOMORPH’S 337 00:17:43,029 --> 00:17:45,465 {\an7}ANATOMICAL FEATURES \hHELPED IT SURVIVE 338 00:17:45,498 --> 00:17:48,134 {\an7}IN A PARTICULAR PART \h\h\hOF THE FOREST. 339 00:17:48,167 --> 00:17:52,571 {\an7}\hHE HATCHED AN INGENIOUS PLAN TO PUT THIS IDEA TO THE TEST. 340 00:17:54,307 --> 00:17:55,475 {\an7}Jonathan: THE WAY WE TEST THAT 341 00:17:55,508 --> 00:17:58,544 {\an7}IS BASICALLY BY HAVING \hTHE LIZARD OLYMPICS. 342 00:17:58,578 --> 00:18:01,314 {\an7}\hNate: JONATHAN CAPTURED 15 DIFFERENT ANOLE SPECIES 343 00:18:01,347 --> 00:18:04,483 {\an7}IN PUERTO RICO AND JAMAICA, 344 00:18:04,517 --> 00:18:05,918 {\an7}AND HE BROUGHT THEM INTO THE LAB 345 00:18:05,952 --> 00:18:09,189 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTO MEASURE THEIR SPRINTING SPEED, 346 00:18:09,221 --> 00:18:12,091 {\an7}JUMPING ABILITY, 347 00:18:12,124 --> 00:18:14,360 {\an7}AND TOE PAD CLINGING POWER. 348 00:18:18,531 --> 00:18:20,833 {\an7}THE SPECIES THAT LIVE \h\hHIGH IN THE TREES, 349 00:18:20,866 --> 00:18:23,235 {\an7}\hTHE TRUNK CROWNS AND CROWN GIANTS, 350 00:18:23,269 --> 00:18:25,605 {\an7}HAVE THE BIGGEST TOE PADS. 351 00:18:25,638 --> 00:18:29,809 {\an7}THESE TOE PADS HELP THEM STICK TO SMOOTH SURFACES LIKE LEAVES 352 00:18:29,842 --> 00:18:31,777 {\an7}\h\h\h\hSO THEY DON’T FALL OUT OF THE TREES. 353 00:18:35,047 --> 00:18:37,583 {\an7}TRUNK GROUND ANOLES \h\hHAVE LONG LEGS, 354 00:18:37,617 --> 00:18:42,589 {\an7}\h\h\hWHICH HELP THEM JUMP FAR AND RUN FAST ON FLAT SURFACES. 355 00:18:42,622 --> 00:18:44,724 {\an7}THESE ARE CRITICAL SKILLS \h\h\h\h\h\h\hFOR A LIZARD 356 00:18:44,757 --> 00:18:48,527 {\an7}\h\hTHAT HAS TO CAPTURE PREY AND ESCAPE PREDATORS ON THE GROUND. 357 00:18:51,297 --> 00:18:55,134 {\an7}\hJONATHAN’S LIZARD OLYMPICS CONFIRMED WHAT HE SUSPECTED, 358 00:18:55,167 --> 00:18:58,070 {\an7}THAT EACH ECOMORPH \hHAS ADAPTATIONS 359 00:18:58,104 --> 00:19:02,609 {\an7}\h\h\hTHAT HELP IT MOVE THROUGH A DIFFERENT PART OF THE FOREST. 360 00:19:02,642 --> 00:19:04,144 {\an7}Jonathan: WE DID FIND ONE INTERESTING TWIST 361 00:19:04,176 --> 00:19:05,811 {\an7}WE DIDN’T EXPECT. 362 00:19:05,845 --> 00:19:08,414 {\an7}WE THOUGHT THAT LIZARDS \h\h\h\hWITH SHORT LEGS 363 00:19:08,447 --> 00:19:10,849 {\an7}\h\hWOULD BE FASTER ON NARROW SURFACES. 364 00:19:10,883 --> 00:19:13,786 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTURNS OUT THEY’RE NOT FASTER AT ALL. 365 00:19:13,819 --> 00:19:15,521 {\an7}Nate: THEY MAY NOT BE FAST, 366 00:19:15,554 --> 00:19:18,590 {\an7}BUT THE SHORT-LEGGED ANOLES \h\h\h\hOF THE TWIG ECOMORPH 367 00:19:18,624 --> 00:19:21,360 {\an7}DO HAVE AN ADVANTAGE \hON THIN BRANCHES. 368 00:19:21,394 --> 00:19:23,997 {\an7}THEY HARDLY EVER FALL. 369 00:19:24,030 --> 00:19:26,299 {\an7}IN CONTRAST, LONG-LEGGED ANOLES 370 00:19:26,332 --> 00:19:30,102 {\an7}\h\hHAVE REAL TROUBLE MANEUVERING ON TWIGS. 371 00:19:30,136 --> 00:19:32,105 {\an7}Jonathan: THEY REACH AROUND \h\h\h\h\h\hTO GET THE TWIG, 372 00:19:32,138 --> 00:19:36,843 {\an7}\hAND SOMETIMES THEY JUST MISS, AND THEY JUST FALL OFF THE TWIG. 373 00:19:36,876 --> 00:19:38,344 {\an7}Nate: FOR AN ANOLE, 374 00:19:38,377 --> 00:19:41,380 {\an7}BEING ABLE TO MOVE QUICKLY AND CONFIDENTLY THROUGH THE FOREST 375 00:19:41,414 --> 00:19:42,515 {\an7}MIGHT MEAN THE DIFFERENCE 376 00:19:42,548 --> 00:19:45,618 {\an7}BETWEEN A FULL BELLY \hAND AN EMPTY ONE, 377 00:19:45,651 --> 00:19:48,687 {\an7}OR EVEN BETWEEN LIFE AND DEATH. 378 00:19:51,424 --> 00:19:56,462 {\an7}Neil: IMAGINE AN ANOLE SPECIES \hLIVING DOWN NEAR THE GROUND. 379 00:19:56,495 --> 00:19:58,530 {\an7}JUST BY CHANCE, SOME HAVE GENES 380 00:19:58,564 --> 00:20:02,201 {\an7}THAT GIVE THEM LONGER LEGS \h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAN OTHERS. 381 00:20:02,234 --> 00:20:04,937 {\an7}THESE LONG-LEGGED LIZARDS \h\h\h\h\h\hCAN RUN FAST, 382 00:20:04,970 --> 00:20:06,972 {\an7}SO THEY’RE GREAT AT CATCHING PREY 383 00:20:07,006 --> 00:20:11,143 {\an7}AND ESCAPING PREDATORS \h\h\h\hON THE GROUND. 384 00:20:11,177 --> 00:20:13,079 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hON AVERAGE, THESE LONG-LEGGED ANOLES 385 00:20:13,112 --> 00:20:16,582 {\an7}WILL PRODUCE MORE OFFSPRING \hTHAN SHORT-LEGGED ANOLES, 386 00:20:16,615 --> 00:20:21,019 {\an7}PASSING MORE OF THEIR GENES \hON TO THE NEXT GENERATION, 387 00:20:21,053 --> 00:20:22,955 {\an7}SO OVER MANY GENERATIONS, 388 00:20:22,988 --> 00:20:26,925 {\an7}\h\h\hTHE WHOLE SPECIES WILL EVOLVE LONGER LEGS. 389 00:20:26,959 --> 00:20:29,395 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT’S EXACTLY HOW CHARLES DARWIN ENVISIONED 390 00:20:29,428 --> 00:20:32,031 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE PROCESS OF NATURAL SELECTION, 391 00:20:32,064 --> 00:20:33,332 {\an7}SO TO JONATHAN, 392 00:20:33,365 --> 00:20:36,268 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNATURAL SELECTION IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE FOREST 393 00:20:36,302 --> 00:20:41,707 {\an7}COULD EXPLAIN WHY EACH ECOMORPH EVOLVED ITS DISTINCTIVE TRAITS. 394 00:20:41,741 --> 00:20:46,346 {\an7}\hTHE PROBLEM WAS, NO ONE WAS THERE TO SEE EVOLUTION HAPPEN. 395 00:20:48,481 --> 00:20:50,616 {\an7}Jonathan: I ALWAYS COMPARE \h\h\h\hSTUDYING EVOLUTION 396 00:20:50,649 --> 00:20:52,784 {\an7}TO BEING LIKE A DETECTIVE STORY. 397 00:20:52,818 --> 00:20:54,019 {\an7}WE’VE GOT A WHODUNIT. 398 00:20:54,053 --> 00:20:56,489 {\an7}WHAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST? \h\h\h\hWHY DID IT HAPPEN? 399 00:20:56,522 --> 00:20:57,790 {\an7}WE CAN’T GO BACK IN TIME, 400 00:20:57,823 --> 00:20:59,658 {\an7}\h\hSO WE HAVE TO USE WHATEVER CLUES WE HAVE 401 00:20:59,692 --> 00:21:00,726 {\an7}TO PIECE IT ALL TOGETHER 402 00:21:00,760 --> 00:21:02,495 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTO FIGURE OUT WHAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST. 403 00:21:05,231 --> 00:21:07,633 {\an7}Neil: SINCE EACH ISLAND \hHAS DIFFERENT SPECIES 404 00:21:07,666 --> 00:21:09,401 {\an7}BUT THE SAME ECOMORPHS, 405 00:21:09,435 --> 00:21:13,139 {\an7}THE BIG QUESTION IS WHETHER THESE ECOMORPHS EVOLVED ONCE 406 00:21:13,172 --> 00:21:15,307 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND THEN SPREAD TO THE DIFFERENT ISLANDS 407 00:21:15,341 --> 00:21:20,179 {\an7}OR EVOLVED SEPARATELY \h\h\hON EACH ISLAND. 408 00:21:20,212 --> 00:21:21,814 {\an7}\h\hJonathan: TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THESE POSSIBILITIES, 409 00:21:21,847 --> 00:21:24,650 {\an7}\hWE NEED TO RECONSTRUCT THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY 410 00:21:24,683 --> 00:21:28,220 {\an7}OF ANOLES IN THE CARIBBEAN. 411 00:21:28,254 --> 00:21:31,124 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAN EVOLUTIONARY TREE IS A DIAGRAM THAT ILLUSTRATES 412 00:21:31,157 --> 00:21:35,428 {\an7}THE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF A SPECIES. 413 00:21:35,461 --> 00:21:36,662 {\an7}Neil: LIKE A REAL TREE, 414 00:21:36,695 --> 00:21:40,399 {\an7}AN EVOLUTIONARY TREE BEGINS \h\h\h\h\hAS A SINGLE STEM, 415 00:21:40,432 --> 00:21:43,135 {\an7}A SINGLE ANCESTOR SPECIES. 416 00:21:43,169 --> 00:21:48,207 {\an7}WHEN THAT ONE SPECIES SPLITS INTO TWO, THE STEM BRANCHES. 417 00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:53,145 {\an7}AS THE TREE GROWS, SOME BRANCHES DIE BACK AS SPECIES GO EXTINCT, 418 00:21:53,179 --> 00:21:57,350 {\an7}BUT OTHERS KEEP GROWING \h\h\h\h\hAND BRANCHING. 419 00:21:57,383 --> 00:22:01,287 {\an7}\h\h\h\hFOR A GROUP LIKE ANOLES, WITH HUNDREDS OF LIVING SPECIES, 420 00:22:01,320 --> 00:22:05,057 {\an7}FIGURING OUT THE EVOLUTIONARY \h\h\hTREE IS A DAUNTING TASK. 421 00:22:07,293 --> 00:22:08,461 {\an7}ONE TYPE OF EVIDENCE 422 00:22:08,494 --> 00:22:11,497 {\an7}\hTHAT HELPS SCIENTISTS BUILD EVOLUTIONARY TREES 423 00:22:11,530 --> 00:22:12,865 {\an7}IS SOMETHING YOU CAN FIND 424 00:22:12,898 --> 00:22:18,337 {\an7}INSIDE EVERY PLANT AND ANIMAL \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hON EARTH--DNA. 425 00:22:18,370 --> 00:22:20,906 {\an7}Jonathan: DNA CHANGES OVER TIME. IT EVOLVES. 426 00:22:20,940 --> 00:22:23,709 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE LONGER TWO SPECIES HAVE BEEN DIVERGING SEPARATELY, 427 00:22:23,742 --> 00:22:26,345 {\an7}THE GREATER THE DIFFERENCE \h\hWILL BE IN THEIR DNA, 428 00:22:26,378 --> 00:22:28,447 {\an7}AND SO BY SEQUENCING THE DNA \h\h\h\h\h\hOF MANY SPECIES, 429 00:22:28,480 --> 00:22:32,617 {\an7}\h\h\h\hYOU CAN BUILD AN EVOLUTIONARY TREE. 430 00:22:32,651 --> 00:22:36,088 {\an7}Neil: THE SHAPE OF THAT TREE, \h\hITS PATTERN OF BRANCHING, 431 00:22:36,121 --> 00:22:37,322 {\an7}CAN HELP US UNDERSTAND 432 00:22:37,356 --> 00:22:40,793 {\an7}\h\h\h\hHOW ANOLES EVOLVED AND SPREAD ACROSS ISLANDS. 433 00:22:43,362 --> 00:22:44,630 {\an7}AT ONE EXTREME, 434 00:22:44,663 --> 00:22:48,100 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hALL THE ECOMORPHS COULD HAVE EVOLVED JUST ONCE, 435 00:22:48,133 --> 00:22:53,705 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHEN SPREAD FROM ISLAND TO ISLAND. 436 00:22:53,739 --> 00:22:55,140 {\an7}AT THE OTHER EXTREME, 437 00:22:55,174 --> 00:22:58,110 {\an7}\h\hANOLES COULD HAVE SPREAD TO DIFFERENT ISLANDS FIRST, 438 00:22:58,143 --> 00:23:00,646 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND THEN EVOLVED INTO THE ECOMORPHS SEPARATELY 439 00:23:00,679 --> 00:23:03,115 {\an7}ON EACH OF THE FOUR ISLANDS. 440 00:23:08,287 --> 00:23:10,923 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hNate: JONATHAN AND HIS COLLEAGUES COLLECTED DNA SAMPLES 441 00:23:10,956 --> 00:23:13,292 {\an7}FROM 55 SPECIES OF ANOLES 442 00:23:13,325 --> 00:23:17,162 {\an7}\hTO BUILD AN EVOLUTIONARY TREE THAT ENCOMPASSED EVERY ECOMORPH 443 00:23:17,196 --> 00:23:20,900 {\an7}ON ALL FOUR ISLANDS. 444 00:23:20,933 --> 00:23:23,269 {\an7}Jonathan: HAD THE ECOMORPHS TRULY EVOLVED INDEPENDENTLY 445 00:23:23,302 --> 00:23:24,303 {\an7}ON DIFFERENT ISLANDS? 446 00:23:24,336 --> 00:23:26,004 {\an7}WELL, THE DNA SHOULD TELL US. 447 00:23:27,973 --> 00:23:31,109 {\an7}Nate: THE TREE GAVE THEM \hAN ASTONISHING ANSWER. 448 00:23:31,143 --> 00:23:33,779 {\an7}DESPITE ALL THE VARIATION \h\h\h\h\h\h\hAMONG THEM, 449 00:23:33,846 --> 00:23:36,248 {\an7}ANOLES LIVING ON THE SAME ISLAND 450 00:23:36,282 --> 00:23:38,818 {\an7}WERE MORE CLOSELY RELATED \h\h\h\h\h\hTO EACH OTHER 451 00:23:38,851 --> 00:23:41,754 {\an7}\hTHAN TO SPECIES ON OTHER ISLANDS, 452 00:23:41,787 --> 00:23:46,091 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hEVEN THE ONES THAT LOOKED STRIKINGLY SIMILAR. 453 00:23:46,125 --> 00:23:47,293 {\an7}THIS MEANT THAT ANOLES 454 00:23:47,326 --> 00:23:50,262 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hHAD COLONIZED THE DIFFERENT ISLANDS FIRST 455 00:23:50,296 --> 00:23:52,732 {\an7}AND THEN EVOLVED ON EACH ISLAND 456 00:23:52,765 --> 00:23:57,503 {\an7}INTO A VIRTUALLY IDENTICAL \hCOMMUNITY OF ECOMORPHS. 457 00:23:57,536 --> 00:23:59,905 {\an7}Jonathan: NO ONE COULD EVER \h\hARGUE ABOUT THAT AGAIN. 458 00:23:59,939 --> 00:24:03,910 {\an7}THEY EVOLVED INDEPENDENTLY \h\h\h\h\hON EACH ISLAND. 459 00:24:03,943 --> 00:24:05,611 {\an7}Nate: THESE SCIENTISTS \h\h\h\h\hHAD REVEALED 460 00:24:05,644 --> 00:24:08,313 {\an7}ANOTHER LAW OF THE LIZARD-- 461 00:24:08,347 --> 00:24:10,716 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWHEN THEY LIVE IN THE SAME TYPE OF ENVIRONMENT, 462 00:24:10,749 --> 00:24:14,286 {\an7}\hDIFFERENT SPECIES EVOLVE SIMILAR TRAITS TO SURVIVE 463 00:24:14,320 --> 00:24:17,557 {\an7}AGAIN AND AGAIN AND AGAIN. 464 00:24:19,358 --> 00:24:20,392 {\an7}\h\h\h\hJonathan: WELL, PEOPLE WERE VERY EXCITED 465 00:24:20,426 --> 00:24:21,727 {\an7}WHEN THIS RESULT CAME OUT 466 00:24:21,760 --> 00:24:24,062 {\an7}\h\h\h\hBECAUSE IT SHOWED THAT EVOLUTION DOES REPEAT ITSELF, 467 00:24:24,096 --> 00:24:26,899 {\an7}THAT THERE ARE RULES \h\h\hTO EVOLUTION. 468 00:24:26,932 --> 00:24:30,169 {\an7}Nate: MANY SCIENTISTS THOUGHT \h\hTHAT NATURE WAS SO COMPLEX 469 00:24:30,202 --> 00:24:33,739 {\an7}\h\hAND EVOLUTION UNFOLDED OVER SUCH LONG TIMESCALES 470 00:24:33,772 --> 00:24:37,643 {\an7}\hTHAT YOU’D RARELY SEE THE SAME OUTCOME TWICE. 471 00:24:37,676 --> 00:24:39,278 {\an7}\hJonathan: THEY SUGGESTED THAT IF YOU COULD SOMEHOW 472 00:24:39,311 --> 00:24:40,913 {\an7}REPLAY THE TAPE OF LIFE, 473 00:24:40,946 --> 00:24:44,550 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hYOU WOULD GET A DIFFERENT OUTCOME EVERY TIME. 474 00:24:44,583 --> 00:24:47,252 {\an7}\hBUT HERE YOU GOT THE SAME OUTCOME FOUR TIMES IN A ROW 475 00:24:47,286 --> 00:24:50,022 {\an7}ON DIFFERENT ISLANDS. 476 00:24:50,055 --> 00:24:54,526 {\an7}\hNate: JONATHAN DECIDED TO DIG DEEPER INTO THIS INTRIGUING IDEA 477 00:24:54,560 --> 00:24:57,897 {\an7}THAT EVOLUTION WAS PREDICTABLE. 478 00:24:57,930 --> 00:24:59,765 {\an7}Jonathan: IT WOULD BE GREAT TO ACTUALLY DO AN EXPERIMENT 479 00:24:59,798 --> 00:25:01,466 {\an7}TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS 480 00:25:01,500 --> 00:25:06,005 {\an7}\hTHAT NATURAL SELECTION DRIVES THE EVOLUTION OF THESE FEATURES. 481 00:25:06,038 --> 00:25:07,540 {\an7}Nate: JONATHAN WAS \hABOUT TO VENTURE 482 00:25:07,573 --> 00:25:11,477 {\an7}INTO NEW SCIENTIFIC TERRITORY \h\h\h\hAND DISCOVER SOMETHING 483 00:25:11,510 --> 00:25:14,179 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT DARWIN NEVER WOULD HAVE IMAGINED. 484 00:25:16,348 --> 00:25:17,549 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hJonathan: IT’S A LITTLE-KNOWN FACT 485 00:25:17,583 --> 00:25:21,320 {\an7}\h\h\hTHAT CHARLES DARWIN WAS A GREAT EXPERIMENTER, 486 00:25:21,353 --> 00:25:24,890 {\an7}\hBUT HE NEVER DID AN EXPERIMENT ABOUT HIS MOST IMPORTANT IDEA-- 487 00:25:24,923 --> 00:25:27,626 {\an7}THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION \hBY NATURAL SELECTION. 488 00:25:27,659 --> 00:25:30,829 {\an7}AND THE REASON HE DIDN’T DO \hAN EXPERIMENT IS OBVIOUS. 489 00:25:30,863 --> 00:25:34,333 {\an7}HE THOUGHT THAT EVOLUTION \hMOVED INCREDIBLY SLOWLY, 490 00:25:34,366 --> 00:25:35,734 {\an7}GLACIALLY SLOWLY. 491 00:25:35,768 --> 00:25:37,403 {\an7}HE THOUGHT IT WOULD TAKE \h\h\hTHOUSANDS OF YEARS 492 00:25:37,436 --> 00:25:41,106 {\an7}\h\hTO LEAD TO CHANGES THAT WE COULD DETECT. 493 00:25:41,140 --> 00:25:45,177 {\an7}\h\hWELL, DARWIN WAS RIGHT ABOUT AN AMAZING NUMBER OF HIS IDEAS, 494 00:25:45,210 --> 00:25:49,414 {\an7}\h\h\hBUT THIS IS ONE IDEA ABOUT WHICH HE WAS WRONG. 495 00:25:49,448 --> 00:25:51,750 {\an7}Neil: IT TURNS OUT THAT ANOLES \h\h\h\hCAN SHOW US SOMETHING 496 00:25:51,784 --> 00:25:54,854 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT DARWIN NEVER COULD HAVE IMAGINED-- 497 00:25:54,887 --> 00:25:58,524 {\an7}WHAT EVOLUTION LOOKS LIKE \h\h\h\hAS IT’S HAPPENING. 498 00:25:58,557 --> 00:26:02,327 {\an7}\h\h\hTO SEE IT FOR OURSELVES, WE’RE HEADING TO THE BAHAMAS. 499 00:26:06,799 --> 00:26:09,068 {\an7}ON THE FOUR BIGGEST ISLANDS \h\h\h\h\hOF THE CARIBBEAN, 500 00:26:09,101 --> 00:26:13,205 {\an7}ANOLES HAVE EVOLVED TO THRIVE IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE FOREST, 501 00:26:13,238 --> 00:26:16,341 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND THEIR DNA REVEALS THAT THEY DID SO INDEPENDENTLY 502 00:26:16,375 --> 00:26:19,945 {\an7}ON EACH ISLAND. 503 00:26:19,978 --> 00:26:22,781 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHESE EVENTS TOOK MILLIONS OF YEARS, 504 00:26:22,815 --> 00:26:26,085 {\an7}BUT WHAT IF YOU COULD WATCH \h\h\h\h\hEVOLUTION HAPPEN? 505 00:26:29,054 --> 00:26:30,556 {\an7}\h\h\h\hCHARLES DARWIN THOUGHT THAT THE EARTH 506 00:26:30,589 --> 00:26:33,926 {\an7}CHANGED GRADUALLY OVER EONS, 507 00:26:33,959 --> 00:26:37,162 {\an7}AND SINCE PLANTS AND ANIMALS ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIRONMENTS, 508 00:26:37,196 --> 00:26:39,031 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hHE THOUGHT THE PROCESS OF EVOLUTION 509 00:26:39,064 --> 00:26:42,768 {\an7}HAD TO BE SLOW AS WELL. 510 00:26:42,801 --> 00:26:45,370 {\an7}BUT SOME ENVIRONMENTS ARE MUCH MORE DYNAMIC 511 00:26:45,404 --> 00:26:48,607 {\an7}THAN DARWIN IMAGINED. 512 00:26:48,640 --> 00:26:51,276 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE BAHAMAS HAVE HUNDREDS OF TINY ISLANDS 513 00:26:51,310 --> 00:26:53,813 {\an7}THAT OFTEN GET HIT \h\hBY HURRICANES. 514 00:26:53,846 --> 00:26:59,585 {\an7}\h\hHERE, SPECIES COLONIZE AND GO EXTINCT FROM YEAR TO YEAR. 515 00:26:59,618 --> 00:27:01,954 {\an7}\h\h\hTHAT MAKES THEM THE PERFECT LABORATORY 516 00:27:01,987 --> 00:27:05,057 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO STUDY SURVIVAL AND ADAPTATION, 517 00:27:05,090 --> 00:27:08,260 {\an7}\h\hAND THAT’S WHAT BROUGHT ECOLOGIST ROB PRINGLE HERE. 518 00:27:10,562 --> 00:27:11,596 {\an7}Rob Pringle: YOU KNOW, IF YOU DO 519 00:27:11,630 --> 00:27:13,866 {\an7}YOUR BEST MALE LIZARD \h\h\h\hIMPERSONATION, 520 00:27:13,899 --> 00:27:16,468 {\an7}YOU MIGHT GET THE FEMALES \h\hTO COME CHECK YOU OUT. 521 00:27:16,502 --> 00:27:19,739 {\an7}Neil: OH, YEAH, SHOULD I GET \hDOWN AND DO SOME PUSH-UPS? 522 00:27:19,771 --> 00:27:21,373 {\an7}I WAS HELPING ROB CATCH ANOLES 523 00:27:21,406 --> 00:27:26,811 {\an7}FOR A MASSIVE EXPERIMENT \h\hON ANOLE EVOLUTION. 524 00:27:26,845 --> 00:27:30,749 {\an7}\hRob: EASIEST AND BEST WAY TO CATCH AN ANOLE IS TO NOOSE IT, 525 00:27:30,782 --> 00:27:34,052 {\an7}WHICH IS BASICALLY, IT’S LAND FISHING FOR LIZARDS, YOU KNOW? 526 00:27:34,086 --> 00:27:35,387 {\an7}SO, YOU TAKE A FISHING POLE, 527 00:27:35,420 --> 00:27:37,222 {\an7}AND YOU TIE A LITTLE SLIPKNOT \h\h\h\h\h\hAT THE END OF IT, 528 00:27:37,256 --> 00:27:40,259 {\an7}\h\hAND YOU TRY TO LOOP THAT AROUND THE HEAD OF A LIZARD, 529 00:27:40,292 --> 00:27:42,060 {\an7}AND THEN YOU PULL, 530 00:27:42,094 --> 00:27:45,197 {\an7}AND HOPEFULLY YOU HAVE A LIZARD ON THE END OF YOUR STICK. 531 00:27:45,230 --> 00:27:55,140 {\an7}♪ 532 00:27:55,174 --> 00:27:56,342 {\an7}Neil: OH, LOOK AT THIS GUY! 533 00:27:56,375 --> 00:27:57,276 {\an7}Nate: YOU HAVE TO BRING IT UP \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO YOUR FACE. 534 00:27:57,309 --> 00:27:58,410 {\an7}Neil: OH! 535 00:27:58,443 --> 00:28:00,045 {\an7}Nate: OH [BLEEP] \hYOU ALL RIGHT? 536 00:28:01,680 --> 00:28:05,217 {\an7}WELL, I GOTTA SAY THAT WAS THE WORST LIZARD CATCH IN HISTORY! 537 00:28:05,250 --> 00:28:07,285 {\an7}Neil: SO, I GOT THE LIZARD. 538 00:28:07,319 --> 00:28:12,357 {\an7}\h\hAND I ALSO FELL THIGH-DEEP INTO A HOLE IN THE LIMESTONE. 539 00:28:12,391 --> 00:28:14,727 {\an7}BUT ME AND THE LIZARD ARE OKAY. 540 00:28:20,365 --> 00:28:23,201 {\an7}Rob: OH, THERE WE GO. 541 00:28:23,235 --> 00:28:25,104 {\an7}\h\h\h\hNeil: I’LL LEAVE IT TO THE PROFESSIONALS FROM NOW ON. 542 00:28:25,137 --> 00:28:27,406 {\an7}Rob: WELL, YOU KNOW. 543 00:28:27,439 --> 00:28:28,507 {\an7}Neil: ROB AND HIS COLLEAGUES 544 00:28:28,540 --> 00:28:30,909 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hBRING THE ANOLES BACK TO THEIR PORTABLE LAB 545 00:28:30,943 --> 00:28:33,546 {\an7}TO SAMPLE THEIR DNA \h\hAND TAKE X-RAYS 546 00:28:33,579 --> 00:28:37,750 {\an7}TO MEASURE THE LIZARDS’ BONES \h\h\h\h\h\h\hWITH PRECISION. 547 00:28:37,783 --> 00:28:40,586 {\an7}THEY’RE LOOKING FOR SIGNS \h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF EVOLUTION 548 00:28:40,619 --> 00:28:42,888 {\an7}TAKING PLACE NOT OVER MILLENNIA, 549 00:28:42,921 --> 00:28:48,193 {\an7}\hBUT DURING AN EXPERIMENT LASTING JUST A FEW YEARS. 550 00:28:48,227 --> 00:28:50,096 {\an7}\h\h\hAFTER YOU X-RAY HER AND TAKE HER MEASUREMENTS, 551 00:28:50,128 --> 00:28:51,830 {\an7}\h\h\hTHEN SHE’S GOING TO COME RIGHT BACK TO THIS SAME PERCH? 552 00:28:51,863 --> 00:28:52,831 {\an7}Rob: THAT’S EXACTLY RIGHT. 553 00:28:52,864 --> 00:28:53,765 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNeil: SHE’LL PROBABLY JUST THINK 554 00:28:53,799 --> 00:28:54,833 {\an7}IT WAS A REALLY WEIRD DREAM. 555 00:28:54,866 --> 00:28:55,967 {\an7}Rob: IT’LL JUST BE \h\hA WEIRD DREAM, 556 00:28:56,001 --> 00:28:57,269 {\an7}SOMETHING SHE’LL TELL \h\hHER FRIENDS ABOUT. 557 00:28:57,302 --> 00:28:58,670 {\an7}LIKE, "YOU GUYS WOULDN’T BELIEVE WHAT HAPPENED TO ME," 558 00:28:58,704 --> 00:29:02,208 {\an7}AND THEN NONE OF THEM \h\hWILL BELIEVE HER. 559 00:29:02,241 --> 00:29:03,709 {\an7}Nate: ANOLE RESEARCHERS \h\h\h\hHAVE BEEN COMING 560 00:29:03,742 --> 00:29:06,111 {\an7}TO THE BAHAMAS FOR DECADES 561 00:29:06,144 --> 00:29:10,448 {\an7}BECAUSE IT’S A PERFECT PLACE \hTO STUDY LIZARD EVOLUTION. 562 00:29:12,384 --> 00:29:14,119 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hJonathan: IF YOU GET A SMALL ENOUGH ISLAND 563 00:29:14,152 --> 00:29:16,388 {\an7}\hTHAT YOU CAN STUDY THE WHOLE POPULATION 564 00:29:16,421 --> 00:29:19,157 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND YET BIG ENOUGH THAT THEY CAN SURVIVE AND ADAPT, 565 00:29:19,191 --> 00:29:22,061 {\an7}IT’S ALMOST THE EQUIVALENT OF A LABORATORY TEST TUBE. 566 00:29:25,030 --> 00:29:26,431 {\an7}Nate: IN THE 1970s, 567 00:29:26,465 --> 00:29:31,136 {\an7}\hECOLOGIST TOM SCHOENER FOUND SMALL ISLANDS WITHOUT ANOLES, 568 00:29:31,169 --> 00:29:33,271 {\an7}AND HE ADDED ANOLES TO STUDY 569 00:29:33,305 --> 00:29:39,011 {\an7}HOW POPULATIONS GROW, SHRINK, \h\hAND EVENTUALLY GO EXTINCT. 570 00:29:39,044 --> 00:29:41,480 {\an7}SOME POPULATIONS DEFIED THE ODDS 571 00:29:41,513 --> 00:29:45,183 {\an7}AND CONTINUED TO THRIVE \h\h\h\hYEAR AFTER YEAR. 572 00:29:45,217 --> 00:29:50,255 {\an7}THESE SURVIVORS GAVE JONATHAN \h\h\h\h\hAN INTRIGUING IDEA. 573 00:29:50,289 --> 00:29:54,460 {\an7}\hWOULD THE LIZARDS ADAPT TO THEIR NEW ISLAND HOMES? 574 00:29:54,493 --> 00:29:57,396 {\an7}Jonathan: THEY HAD INADVERTENTLY SET UP AN EVOLUTION EXPERIMENT 575 00:29:57,429 --> 00:30:00,532 {\an7}BECAUSE THESE ISLANDS DIFFERED \h\hIN THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 576 00:30:02,467 --> 00:30:05,003 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTOM SCHOENER HAD MOVED BROWN ANOLES 577 00:30:05,037 --> 00:30:07,573 {\an7}FROM A LARGER ISLAND, \h\h\h\h\hSTANIEL CAY, 578 00:30:07,606 --> 00:30:09,541 {\an7}WHERE THE LIZARDS LIVED \h\h\h\hON LARGE TREES, 579 00:30:09,574 --> 00:30:12,410 {\an7}TO THESE TINY LITTLE ISLANDS \h\hTHAT DIDN’T HAVE TREES. 580 00:30:12,444 --> 00:30:16,448 {\an7}\hTHEY HAD NARROW BUSHES AND, AND NARROW-STEMMED VEGETATION. 581 00:30:18,817 --> 00:30:21,887 {\an7}\h\hJUST LIKE TWIG ANOLES HAVING SHORT LEGS ON NARROW VEGETATION, 582 00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:23,722 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWE PREDICTED THAT THE BROWN ANOLES, 583 00:30:23,755 --> 00:30:26,157 {\an7}WHEN MOVED FROM A BROAD SURFACE TO A NARROW SURFACE, 584 00:30:26,191 --> 00:30:29,194 {\an7}WOULD EVOLVE SHORTER LEGS. 585 00:30:29,227 --> 00:30:30,462 {\an7}Nate: DID THE SAME RULES 586 00:30:30,495 --> 00:30:33,665 {\an7}THAT MADE EVOLUTION PREDICTABLE ON THE LARGE ISLANDS 587 00:30:33,699 --> 00:30:35,834 {\an7}OPERATE IN THE BAHAMAS, TOO? 588 00:30:35,867 --> 00:30:39,104 {\an7}AND IF SO, COULD WE WITNESS \h\h\h\h\h\hEVOLUTION HAPPEN 589 00:30:39,137 --> 00:30:41,706 {\an7}IN JUST 14 YEARS? 590 00:30:44,242 --> 00:30:46,311 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFEW BIOLOGISTS WOULD HAVE ASKED THIS QUESTION 591 00:30:46,345 --> 00:30:47,913 {\an7}BECAUSE MOST OF THEM \h\h\hSTILL THOUGHT 592 00:30:47,946 --> 00:30:52,851 {\an7}THAT ANIMALS EVOLVED TOO SLOWLY TO OBSERVE IN A HUMAN LIFETIME, 593 00:30:52,884 --> 00:30:55,086 {\an7}BUT JONATHAN SAW AN OPPORTUNITY 594 00:30:55,120 --> 00:31:00,192 {\an7}TO PUT THIS CONVENTIONAL WISDOM TO THE TEST. 595 00:31:00,225 --> 00:31:01,893 {\an7}Shane Campbell-Staton: A BIG PART OF BIOLOGY 596 00:31:01,927 --> 00:31:03,695 {\an7}IS ABOUT CREATIVITY, RIGHT? 597 00:31:03,729 --> 00:31:07,933 {\an7}AND ABOUT UNDERSTANDING, LIKE, \hWHAT IS THE RIGHT QUESTION? 598 00:31:07,966 --> 00:31:09,468 {\an7}THERE’S AN ARTISTRY THERE. 599 00:31:09,501 --> 00:31:14,606 {\an7}\h\h\hAND IF THAT’S AN ART, THEN JONATHAN IS A PICASSO. 600 00:31:14,639 --> 00:31:16,975 {\an7}\hNate: JONATHAN RETURNED TO TOM SCHOENER’S ISLANDS 601 00:31:17,008 --> 00:31:20,111 {\an7}IN THE 1990s WITH A NEW PLAN-- 602 00:31:20,145 --> 00:31:23,749 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTO COMPARE THE ANATOMY OF THE NEW ISLAND POPULATIONS 603 00:31:23,782 --> 00:31:27,352 {\an7}\hAND THE ORIGINAL SOURCE POPULATION. 604 00:31:27,386 --> 00:31:29,922 {\an7}IF THE ANOLES WERE DIFFERENT, \h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT WOULD SHOW 605 00:31:29,955 --> 00:31:33,992 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHAT THESE POPULATIONS HAD EVOLVED IN JUST 14 YEARS. 606 00:31:37,529 --> 00:31:40,699 {\an7}Jonathan: AND THE RESULTS \h\hFLASHED ON THE SCREEN. 607 00:31:40,732 --> 00:31:43,969 {\an7}THE POPULATIONS WERE DIFFERENT. THEY HAD EVOLVED! 608 00:31:44,002 --> 00:31:47,973 {\an7}\h\h\h\hWELL, NEEDLESS TO SAY, THIS WAS INCREDIBLY EXCITING. 609 00:31:48,006 --> 00:31:52,043 {\an7}\h\hNate: THE ANOLES DIFFERED IN JUST THE WAY JONATHAN EXPECTED. 610 00:31:52,077 --> 00:31:54,079 {\an7}\h\h\h\hON THE ISLANDS WITH SLENDER BRANCHES, 611 00:31:54,112 --> 00:31:56,915 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE ANOLES HAD EVOLVED SHORTER LEGS, 612 00:31:56,948 --> 00:32:00,852 {\an7}\hAND THEY DID SO IN JUST 14 YEARS. 613 00:32:00,886 --> 00:32:04,423 {\an7}EVEN FOR ANOLES, WHICH CAN REPRODUCE AT ONE YEAR OLD, 614 00:32:04,456 --> 00:32:07,592 {\an7}14 YEARS IS INCREDIBLY FAST. 615 00:32:11,129 --> 00:32:14,499 {\an7}\h\hJonathan: OF COURSE, DARWIN WOULD HAVE BEEN VERY SURPRISED. 616 00:32:14,533 --> 00:32:17,069 {\an7}HE THOUGHT THAT EVOLUTION \h\h\h\hOCCURRED SO SLOWLY 617 00:32:17,102 --> 00:32:18,904 {\an7}THAT YOU COULDN’T \hPOSSIBLY SEE IT 618 00:32:18,937 --> 00:32:21,573 {\an7}UNTIL A THOUSAND YEARS \h\h\h\h\hHAD ELAPSED. 619 00:32:26,511 --> 00:32:28,079 {\an7}ONCE WE REALIZED THAT ANOLES 620 00:32:28,113 --> 00:32:30,282 {\an7}WOULD ADAPT RAPIDLY \hTO NEW CONDITIONS, 621 00:32:30,315 --> 00:32:34,653 {\an7}THAT OPENED OUR EYES TO OTHER \h\h\hEXPERIMENTS WE COULD DO. 622 00:32:34,686 --> 00:32:37,722 {\an7}\h\hNate: ANOLE RESEARCHERS COULD NOW ASK NEW QUESTIONS, 623 00:32:37,756 --> 00:32:41,293 {\an7}LIKE HOW DO PREDATORS \h\hAFFECT EVOLUTION? 624 00:32:41,326 --> 00:32:42,661 {\an7}AND THEY COULD ANSWER \h\h\hTHOSE QUESTIONS 625 00:32:42,694 --> 00:32:46,865 {\an7}NOT JUST BY DOING DETECTIVE WORK ABOUT THE ANCIENT PAST, 626 00:32:46,898 --> 00:32:48,433 {\an7}BUT BY DOING EXPERIMENTS 627 00:32:48,467 --> 00:32:53,605 {\an7}AND WATCHING EVOLUTION UNFOLD \h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE PRESENT. 628 00:32:53,638 --> 00:32:55,807 {\an7}THAT’S WHAT ROB PRINGLE \h\h\h\hAND JASON KOLBE 629 00:32:55,841 --> 00:32:59,345 {\an7}ARE DOING IN THE BAHAMAS \h\h\h\h\h\h\hRIGHT NOW. 630 00:32:59,377 --> 00:33:01,312 {\an7}\h\h\h\hRob: SO, IT’S A, IT’S A GOOD PLACE TO BE 631 00:33:01,346 --> 00:33:02,747 {\an7}IF YOU’RE A, A BROWN ANOLE. 632 00:33:02,781 --> 00:33:03,782 {\an7}Nate: LET’S GO PAINT \h\h\hSOME LIZARDS! 633 00:33:03,815 --> 00:33:04,816 {\an7}\h\h\hRob: LET’S GO PAINT SOME LIZARDS! 634 00:33:04,850 --> 00:33:06,285 {\an7}Nate: ALL RIGHT! 635 00:33:06,318 --> 00:33:07,686 {\an7}ROB SHOWED ME HOW TO MARK ANOLES 636 00:33:07,719 --> 00:33:11,756 {\an7}WITH NON-TOXIC, WATER-SOLUBLE \h\hPAINT FOR HIS EXPERIMENT. 637 00:33:11,790 --> 00:33:14,026 {\an7}\hRob: YEAH, THERE’S A TON OF LIZARDS ON THIS ISLAND. 638 00:33:14,059 --> 00:33:15,027 {\an7}Nate: THIS IS ALSO FUN. 639 00:33:15,060 --> 00:33:16,295 {\an7}Rob: YEAH, IT’S A LOT OF FUN! 640 00:33:16,328 --> 00:33:18,931 {\an7}Nate: IT’S LIKE SHOOTIN’ \h\hLIZARDS IN A BARREL. 641 00:33:18,964 --> 00:33:20,132 {\an7}Rob: SHOOTIN’ LIZARDS \h\h\h\h\h\hIN A TREE. 642 00:33:20,165 --> 00:33:21,667 {\an7}Nate: YES, IT’S KIND OF \h\h\hEXACTLY LIKE THAT. 643 00:33:21,700 --> 00:33:22,768 {\an7}[LAUGHTER] 644 00:33:26,104 --> 00:33:27,872 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE LIZARDS WILL LOSE THESE PAINT MARKS 645 00:33:27,906 --> 00:33:30,142 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHE NEXT TIME THEY SHED THEIR SKINS, 646 00:33:30,175 --> 00:33:33,178 {\an7}BUT THE PAINT DOESN’T NEED \h\h\h\h\h\hTO LAST LONG. 647 00:33:33,211 --> 00:33:35,780 {\an7}BY MARKING ALL THE ANOLES \h\h\hWE CAN FIND ONE DAY 648 00:33:35,814 --> 00:33:36,982 {\an7}AND RETURNING TO COUNT 649 00:33:37,015 --> 00:33:39,484 {\an7}THE MARKED AND UNMARKED ANOLES \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE NEXT DAY, 650 00:33:39,518 --> 00:33:43,722 {\an7}WE CAN ESTIMATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ANOLES ON AN ISLAND. 651 00:33:43,755 --> 00:33:46,224 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hRob: LAST YEAR WE HAD UPWARDS OF 400 LIZARDS 652 00:33:46,258 --> 00:33:47,693 {\an7}ON THIS ISLAND. 653 00:33:47,726 --> 00:33:50,662 {\an7}\hNate: THIS POPULATION CENSUS HELPS THE RESEARCHERS MONITOR 654 00:33:50,695 --> 00:33:54,165 {\an7}HOW THE ANOLES ARE DOING \hON DIFFERENT ISLANDS. 655 00:33:54,199 --> 00:33:57,602 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND ON SOME ISLANDS, THE ANOLES ARE IN REAL DANGER 656 00:33:57,636 --> 00:34:02,007 {\an7}BECAUSE ROB AND JASON HAVE ADDED ANOTHER LIZARD INTO THE MIX, 657 00:34:02,040 --> 00:34:05,610 {\an7}ONE OF THE BROWN ANOLE’S \h\h\h\h\h\h\hENEMIES-- 658 00:34:05,644 --> 00:34:07,779 {\an7}THE CURLY-TAILED LIZARD. 659 00:34:07,812 --> 00:34:20,658 {\an7}♪ 660 00:34:20,692 --> 00:34:29,401 {\an7}♪ 661 00:34:29,434 --> 00:34:31,369 {\an7}\h\h\h\hNeil: IT TURNS OUT THAT CURLY-TAILED LIZARDS 662 00:34:31,403 --> 00:34:35,374 {\an7}DON’T JUST IMPACT THE NUMBERS \h\h\h\hOF ANOLES ON ISLANDS. 663 00:34:35,407 --> 00:34:39,878 {\an7}THEY ACTUALLY CAUSE \hNATURAL SELECTION. 664 00:34:39,911 --> 00:34:41,279 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hJason Kolbe: WITHIN THE FIRST SIX MONTHS 665 00:34:41,313 --> 00:34:43,248 {\an7}OF THE CURLY TAILS BEING THERE, 666 00:34:43,281 --> 00:34:46,584 {\an7}ANOLES WITH LONGER HIND LIMBS \h\h\h\hHAVE BETTER SURVIVAL, 667 00:34:46,618 --> 00:34:49,187 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND PRESUMABLY THAT’S BECAUSE THEY’RE FASTER 668 00:34:49,220 --> 00:34:50,888 {\an7}AT RUNNING ON THE GROUND 669 00:34:50,922 --> 00:34:55,427 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTO ESCAPE PREDATION FROM THE CURLY-TAILED LIZARD. 670 00:34:55,460 --> 00:34:58,363 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hNeil: GRADUALLY, THE ANOLES BEGIN TO MOVE UP. 671 00:34:58,396 --> 00:35:00,431 {\an7}THEY SPEND LESS TIME \h\h\hON THE GROUND 672 00:35:00,465 --> 00:35:04,169 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND MORE TIME IN THE SLENDER BRANCHES. 673 00:35:04,202 --> 00:35:06,571 {\an7}ONCE THEY’RE OUT OF DANGER \h\h\h\hFROM THE PREDATOR, 674 00:35:06,605 --> 00:35:10,609 {\an7}\h\h\hNATURAL SELECTION HAS A DIFFERENT EFFECT. 675 00:35:10,642 --> 00:35:13,345 {\an7}Jason: DURING THAT PERIOD, \h\h\h\hSELECTION REVERSES 676 00:35:13,378 --> 00:35:17,048 {\an7}AND FAVORS BROWN ANOLES WITH SHORTER HIND LIMBS 677 00:35:17,082 --> 00:35:19,851 {\an7}BECAUSE THEY’RE OCCUPYING \hTHESE NARROWER BRANCHES, 678 00:35:19,884 --> 00:35:21,586 {\an7}AND ANOLES WITH SHORTER LIMBS 679 00:35:21,620 --> 00:35:24,523 {\an7}\h\hCAN MOVE BETTER IN THAT ENVIRONMENT. 680 00:35:27,359 --> 00:35:31,096 {\an7}Neil: THESE EXPERIMENTS REVEAL \hANOTHER LAW OF THE LIZARD-- 681 00:35:31,129 --> 00:35:34,766 {\an7}\h\h\h\hNATURAL SELECTION IS HAPPENING ALL THE TIME, 682 00:35:34,799 --> 00:35:37,335 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND IT’S DRIVEN NOT ONLY BY THE ENVIRONMENT, 683 00:35:37,369 --> 00:35:40,005 {\an7}BUT ALSO BY OTHER SPECIES. 684 00:35:43,541 --> 00:35:45,676 {\an7}ONE SPECIES MORE THAN ANY OTHER 685 00:35:45,710 --> 00:35:50,715 {\an7}IS SHAPING THE NEXT ERA \h\hOF LIZARD EVOLUTION. 686 00:35:50,749 --> 00:35:54,753 {\an7}HOW ARE ANOLES ADAPTING \hTO THE AGE OF HUMANS? 687 00:35:54,786 --> 00:35:59,224 {\an7}\hTO FIND OUT, NATE AND I ARE HEADING TO MY BACKYARD, MIAMI, 688 00:35:59,257 --> 00:36:02,026 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO DISCOVER THE ASTONISHING ADAPTATIONS 689 00:36:02,060 --> 00:36:05,196 {\an7}OF THESE LITTLE LIZARDS \h\h\h\hIN THE BIG CITY. 690 00:36:10,335 --> 00:36:12,137 {\an7}\hNate: OUR JOURNEY HAS ALREADY SHOWN US 691 00:36:12,170 --> 00:36:16,741 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHAT ANOLES ARE EVOLVING TO SURVIVE IN A CHANGING WORLD, 692 00:36:16,775 --> 00:36:19,811 {\an7}BUT NEVER IN THEIR HISTORY \h\h\h\hHAVE ANOLES FACED 693 00:36:19,844 --> 00:36:23,981 {\an7}\h\h\h\hA MORE PERILOUS OR UNCERTAIN ENVIRONMENT 694 00:36:24,015 --> 00:36:27,218 {\an7}THAN THE WORLD OF HUMANS. 695 00:36:27,252 --> 00:36:30,689 {\an7}Neil: LIVING IN MIAMI, I SEE ANOLES AROUND ME EVERY DAY, 696 00:36:30,722 --> 00:36:32,991 {\an7}BUT A LOT OF THE ANOLES \h\h\h\h\hI SEE IN MIAMI 697 00:36:33,024 --> 00:36:35,226 {\an7}DIDN’T ACTUALLY ORIGINATE THERE. 698 00:36:35,260 --> 00:36:39,464 {\an7}\hTHEY COME FROM ISLANDS ALL OVER THE CARIBBEAN. 699 00:36:39,497 --> 00:36:43,668 {\an7}\h\hNate: SOUTHERN FLORIDA IS A MELTING POT OF ANOLE IMMIGRANTS. 700 00:36:43,702 --> 00:36:46,972 {\an7}\h\hFLORIDA HAS ONLY ONE NATIVE SPECIES OF ANOLE, 701 00:36:47,005 --> 00:36:52,010 {\an7}\hBUT EIGHT OTHER SPECIES HAVE ESTABLISHED POPULATIONS HERE. 702 00:36:52,043 --> 00:36:54,846 {\an7}Neil: THEY GOT TO MIAMI EITHER \h\h\h\hTHROUGH THE PET TRADE 703 00:36:54,879 --> 00:36:58,015 {\an7}OR ACCIDENTALLY IN SHIPMENTS \hOF PRODUCE AND OTHER GOODS 704 00:36:58,049 --> 00:37:00,451 {\an7}COMING FROM THE CARIBBEAN. 705 00:37:00,485 --> 00:37:03,922 {\an7}Nate: HUMANS DON’T JUST BRING \h\h\h\hANOLES INTO THE CITY. 706 00:37:03,955 --> 00:37:07,926 {\an7}AS WE CONVERT WILD FORESTS \h\hINTO CONCRETE JUNGLES, 707 00:37:07,959 --> 00:37:10,962 {\an7}WE ALSO BRING THE CITY \h\h\h\h\h\hTO ANOLES. 708 00:37:14,365 --> 00:37:16,367 {\an7}Jason: WHEN ANOLES ARRIVE \h\h\h\h\h\hIN A NEW AREA, 709 00:37:16,401 --> 00:37:18,837 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHEY ENCOUNTER NOVEL TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTS, 710 00:37:18,870 --> 00:37:24,175 {\an7}AND SO THERE ARE NEW PREDATORS, THERE ARE NEW COMPETITORS. 711 00:37:24,209 --> 00:37:27,045 {\an7}\h\h\h\hMOST ANOLES LIVE ON THE TRUNKS OF TREES, 712 00:37:27,078 --> 00:37:30,181 {\an7}\h\h\hBRANCHES OF TREES, HIGHER UP IN THE CANOPY. 713 00:37:30,215 --> 00:37:32,951 {\an7}BUT IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT, \h\h\hMUCH OF THIS VEGETATION 714 00:37:32,984 --> 00:37:38,923 {\an7}HAS BEEN REPLACED BY BUILDINGS \h\h\h\hAND WALLS, LAMPPOSTS. 715 00:37:38,957 --> 00:37:41,960 {\an7}Nate: THOSE SURFACES CAN BE SMOOTHER AND HARDER TO CLIMB 716 00:37:41,993 --> 00:37:43,962 {\an7}THAN TREES AND ROCKS, 717 00:37:43,995 --> 00:37:47,532 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND THAT’S NOT THE ONLY CHALLENGE OF CITY LIFE. 718 00:37:47,565 --> 00:37:50,034 {\an7}Jason: BY REPLACING \hNATURAL VEGETATION 719 00:37:50,068 --> 00:37:54,906 {\an7}\h\hWITH CONCRETE, ASPHALT, THEY CHANGE THE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT. 720 00:37:54,939 --> 00:37:59,877 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHEY’RE MUCH HOTTER THAN A COMPARABLE NATURAL AREA. 721 00:37:59,911 --> 00:38:01,413 {\an7}Nate: SINCE LIZARDS \h\h\hCAN’T REGULATE 722 00:38:01,446 --> 00:38:03,615 {\an7}THEIR BODY TEMPERATURES \h\h\h\h\h\hINTERNALLY, 723 00:38:03,648 --> 00:38:08,520 {\an7}THE HEAT OF THE CITY COULD ALSO THREATEN THEIR SURVIVAL. 724 00:38:08,553 --> 00:38:11,022 {\an7}\h\hJonathan: IN SOME CASES, THE CHALLENGES ARE TOO OVERWHELMING. 725 00:38:11,055 --> 00:38:12,123 {\an7}THEY JUST CAN’T DO IT, 726 00:38:12,157 --> 00:38:14,092 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hBUT SOMETIMES THEY’RE ABLE TO SURVIVE 727 00:38:14,125 --> 00:38:18,496 {\an7}\hAND PERHAPS EVEN ADAPT TO THESE NEW CONDITIONS. 728 00:38:18,530 --> 00:38:22,834 {\an7}Neil: ONE OF THESE SURVIVORS IS THE PUERTO RICAN CRESTED ANOLE, 729 00:38:22,867 --> 00:38:27,605 {\an7}WHICH THRIVES IN CITIES THROUGHOUT PUERTO RICO. 730 00:38:27,639 --> 00:38:30,509 {\an7}RESEARCHERS KRISTIN WINCHELL \hAND SHANE CAMPBELL-STATON 731 00:38:30,542 --> 00:38:32,310 {\an7}WANT TO UNDERSTAND \hHOW THIS SPECIES 732 00:38:32,343 --> 00:38:35,413 {\an7}IS COPING WITH LIFE IN THE CITY. 733 00:38:35,446 --> 00:38:36,614 {\an7}\h\h\hKristin Winchell: THE OVERARCHING QUESTION 734 00:38:36,648 --> 00:38:39,017 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hMY RESEARCH IS TRYING TO TACKLE IS 735 00:38:39,050 --> 00:38:42,787 {\an7}\h\hCAN HUMANS INFLUENCE THE COURSE OF EVOLUTION? 736 00:38:42,821 --> 00:38:47,225 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hShane: HOW FAST CAN THESE ANIMALS CHANGE? 737 00:38:47,258 --> 00:38:49,026 {\an7}AND CAN THEY KEEP PACE 738 00:38:49,060 --> 00:38:52,463 {\an7}WITH HUMAN-MEDIATED CHANGES \h\h\h\hIN THE ENVIRONMENT? 739 00:38:54,732 --> 00:38:56,434 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hKristin: I THINK A LOT OF PEOPLE DO GET CONFUSED 740 00:38:56,467 --> 00:38:58,436 {\an7}WHEN I’M WALKING AROUND \h\h\h\hIN URBAN AREAS. 741 00:38:58,469 --> 00:39:00,504 {\an7}I AM WALKING AROUND WITH A FISHING POLE, 742 00:39:00,538 --> 00:39:02,440 {\an7}WHICH IS VERY STRANGE. 743 00:39:02,473 --> 00:39:05,743 {\an7}I’M STICKING MY FISHING POLE UP TREES AND ON THEIR WALLS, 744 00:39:05,777 --> 00:39:07,145 {\an7}WHICH IS EVEN STRANGER, 745 00:39:07,178 --> 00:39:11,516 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND SO WE, WE GET A LOT OF QUESTIONS. 746 00:39:11,549 --> 00:39:12,683 {\an7}Neil: TO UNDERSTAND \h\hWHETHER LIZARDS 747 00:39:12,717 --> 00:39:15,186 {\an7}ARE ADAPTING TO CITY LIFE, 748 00:39:15,220 --> 00:39:19,691 {\an7}KRISTIN AND SHANE COLLECT ANOLES FROM URBAN AND NATURAL SITES 749 00:39:19,724 --> 00:39:21,459 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND TAKE THEM BACK TO THEIR FIELD LAB 750 00:39:21,492 --> 00:39:25,029 {\an7}\hTO COMPARE THEIR ANATOMY AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE. 751 00:39:27,732 --> 00:39:30,635 {\an7}\h\h\h\hKRISTIN FOUND THAT, COMPARED TO FOREST LIZARDS, 752 00:39:30,668 --> 00:39:35,606 {\an7}URBAN LIZARDS HAD LONGER LEGS \h\h\h\h\hAND LARGER TOE PADS. 753 00:39:35,640 --> 00:39:40,311 {\an7}THE QUESTION IS, DO THESE TRAITS MAKE A DIFFERENCE? 754 00:39:40,345 --> 00:39:44,216 {\an7}TO FIND OUT, KRISTIN PLANNED \h\h\hA NEW LIZARD OLYMPICS 755 00:39:44,249 --> 00:39:47,853 {\an7}TO TEST THE ANOLES’ PERFORMANCE IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT. 756 00:39:47,886 --> 00:39:50,021 {\an7}\h\hTHE FIRST EVENT IN THIS COMPETITION? 757 00:39:50,054 --> 00:39:53,190 {\an7}URBAN AND FOREST LIZARDS \hSPRINTED ON RACETRACKS 758 00:39:53,224 --> 00:39:55,927 {\an7}WITH THREE DIFFERENT SURFACES. 759 00:39:55,960 --> 00:39:58,796 {\an7}Kristin: WE’RE RUNNING THEM \h\h\h\hON PAINTED CONCRETE, 760 00:39:58,830 --> 00:40:03,168 {\an7}ON BARK, AND ON UNPAINTED METAL, 761 00:40:03,201 --> 00:40:04,602 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND SO WE’RE VERY INTERESTED TO SEE 762 00:40:04,636 --> 00:40:09,040 {\an7}IF THE FOREST LIZARDS CAN RUN \hAS FAST AS THE URBAN LIZARDS 763 00:40:09,073 --> 00:40:12,443 {\an7}ON THESE OTHER SUBSTRATES. 764 00:40:12,477 --> 00:40:13,778 {\an7}Neil: WHILE KRISTIN’S LIZARDS \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSPRINTED 765 00:40:13,811 --> 00:40:15,746 {\an7}ON MINIATURE RACETRACKS, 766 00:40:15,780 --> 00:40:19,384 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSHANE SET UP A LESS TRADITIONAL OLYMPIC EVENT 767 00:40:19,417 --> 00:40:25,056 {\an7}TO TEST HOW URBAN ANOLES COPE \h\hWITH THE HEAT OF THE CITY. 768 00:40:25,089 --> 00:40:28,125 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hShane: REPTILES ARE COLD-BLOODED ANIMALS, 769 00:40:28,159 --> 00:40:30,962 {\an7}AND A LOT OF ASPECTS \h\hOF THEIR BIOLOGY 770 00:40:30,995 --> 00:40:33,631 {\an7}ARE LINKED TO TEMPERATURE. 771 00:40:33,665 --> 00:40:37,569 {\an7}\hTO FIGURE OUT HOW HOT A LIZARD CAN GET BEFORE IT STOPS WORKING, 772 00:40:37,602 --> 00:40:40,872 {\an7}WE GRADUALLY WARM THAT LIZARD, 773 00:40:40,905 --> 00:40:46,244 {\an7}AND WE PERIODICALLY FLIP IT \h\h\h\h\h\h\hONTO ITS BACK. 774 00:40:46,277 --> 00:40:48,412 {\an7}Neil: SHANE ISN’T HURTING \h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE LIZARDS. 775 00:40:48,446 --> 00:40:50,181 {\an7}AS HE SLOWLY HEATS THEM UP, 776 00:40:50,214 --> 00:40:53,117 {\an7}THEY EVENTUALLY GET TOO HOT \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO RESPOND. 777 00:40:53,151 --> 00:40:54,686 {\an7}Shane: THE RIGHTING REFLEX \h\h\hIS SUCH A GOOD TEST 778 00:40:54,719 --> 00:40:58,423 {\an7}BECAUSE A LIZARD ALWAYS WANTS TO BE ON ITS FEET. 779 00:40:58,456 --> 00:40:59,824 {\an7}Neil: SHANE RECORDS \h\hTHE TEMPERATURE 780 00:40:59,857 --> 00:41:02,960 {\an7}AT WHICH THEY CAN NO LONGER \hTURN THEMSELVES BACK OVER, 781 00:41:02,994 --> 00:41:07,732 {\an7}\hAND THEN HE QUICKLY HELPS THE LIZARDS COOL BACK DOWN. 782 00:41:07,765 --> 00:41:10,601 {\an7}AFTER CAPTURING AND TESTING \h\h\h\hHUNDREDS OF ANOLES, 783 00:41:10,635 --> 00:41:12,170 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hIT WAS TIME FOR SHANE AND KRISTIN 784 00:41:12,203 --> 00:41:15,540 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTO COMPARE THE LIZARDS FROM THE FOREST AND THE CITY. 785 00:41:17,408 --> 00:41:20,678 {\an7}ON AVERAGE, URBAN LIZARDS WERE ABLE TO TOLERATE TEMPERATURES 786 00:41:20,712 --> 00:41:22,948 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT WERE ONE DEGREE CELSIUS HOTTER 787 00:41:22,981 --> 00:41:25,650 {\an7}COMPARED TO FOREST LIZARDS. 788 00:41:25,683 --> 00:41:27,251 {\an7}Kristin: A DIFFERENCE OF ONE DEGREE CELSIUS 789 00:41:27,285 --> 00:41:28,553 {\an7}MIGHT NOT SEEM LIKE A LOT, 790 00:41:28,586 --> 00:41:30,221 {\an7}\hBUT FOR A LIZARD, THIS IS A DIFFERENCE 791 00:41:30,254 --> 00:41:34,425 {\an7}OF BEING ABLE TO BE ACTIVE \h\h\h\h\h\h\hALL DAY LONG 792 00:41:34,459 --> 00:41:37,996 {\an7}\h\h\hAND HAVE ACCESS TO ALL OF THOSE MATES AND ALL OF THAT FOOD 793 00:41:38,029 --> 00:41:41,065 {\an7}\h\hTHAT YOU OTHERWISE WOULD HAVE TO GIVE UP 794 00:41:41,099 --> 00:41:45,236 {\an7}\h\h\hBECAUSE YOU’RE HIDING IN THE SHADE TRYING TO COOL DOWN. 795 00:41:45,269 --> 00:41:47,571 {\an7}Neil: THE URBAN LIZARDS ALSO \hHAVE AN ADVANTAGE RUNNING 796 00:41:47,605 --> 00:41:52,310 {\an7}ON THE SLICK SURFACES FOUND \h\hIN THE CITY ENVIRONMENT. 797 00:41:52,343 --> 00:41:55,646 {\an7}\h\hKristin: THE URBAN LIZARDS RUN FASTER ON ALL SUBSTRATES, 798 00:41:55,680 --> 00:41:58,082 {\an7}AND THESE DIFFERENCES \hARE MOST PRONOUNCED 799 00:41:58,116 --> 00:42:00,285 {\an7}\hON THE VERY SMOOTH VERTICAL SUBSTRATES, 800 00:42:00,318 --> 00:42:04,289 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hON THE METAL AND ON THE PAINTED CONCRETE. 801 00:42:04,322 --> 00:42:08,259 {\an7}THE ABILITY TO PERFORM WELL \h\h\h\hON THESE SUBSTRATES 802 00:42:08,292 --> 00:42:12,696 {\an7}\h\h\hHAS REAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THEIR SURVIVAL IN THIS HABITAT. 803 00:42:14,465 --> 00:42:17,201 {\an7}\h\h\hNeil: THESE LITTLE LIZARDS CONTINUE TO SURPRISE SCIENTISTS 804 00:42:17,235 --> 00:42:19,604 {\an7}WITH THEIR POWERS OF ADAPTATION, 805 00:42:19,637 --> 00:42:23,241 {\an7}EVEN IN FAST-CHANGING \h\h\h\hENVIRONMENTS. 806 00:42:23,274 --> 00:42:25,042 {\an7}KRISTIN AND SHANE’S DISCOVERIES 807 00:42:25,076 --> 00:42:28,079 {\an7}\h\h\h\hSHOW THAT THE ANOLES’ ANCIENT EVOLUTIONARY PLAYBOOK 808 00:42:28,112 --> 00:42:32,483 {\an7}\h\hSTILL HELPS THEM SURVIVE AND ADAPT, EVEN IN THE MODERN WORLD. 809 00:42:37,255 --> 00:42:39,557 {\an7}Nate: JUST WHEN WE THOUGHT \h\hOUR JOURNEY WAS OVER, 810 00:42:39,590 --> 00:42:43,194 {\an7}WE HEARD ABOUT A NEW DISCOVERY \hIN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC-- 811 00:42:43,227 --> 00:42:45,629 {\an7}A NEW ANOLE SPECIES, 812 00:42:45,663 --> 00:42:47,064 {\an7}A TRULY BIZARRE LIZARD 813 00:42:47,098 --> 00:42:51,035 {\an7}THAT HAD CAUGHT SCIENTISTS \h\hCOMPLETELY OFF GUARD. 814 00:42:51,069 --> 00:42:53,405 {\an7}WE HAD TO SEE IT. 815 00:42:53,438 --> 00:42:55,640 {\an7}\h\hONE OF THE FEW PEOPLE WHO KNEW WHERE TO FIND IT 816 00:42:55,673 --> 00:42:59,577 {\an7}WAS LUKE MAHLER, THE SCIENTIST \h\h\hWHO FIRST DESCRIBED IT. 817 00:43:01,646 --> 00:43:03,014 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hLuke Mahler: IT’S AN UNEXPECTED DISCOVERY. 818 00:43:03,047 --> 00:43:06,250 {\an7}THIS IS A GIANT ANOLE THAT, THAT LIVES HIGH IN THE TREES 819 00:43:06,284 --> 00:43:08,820 {\an7}BUT IS STRIKINGLY SIMILAR \h\hTO A GROUP OF LIZARDS 820 00:43:08,853 --> 00:43:11,189 {\an7}PREVIOUSLY ONLY KNOWN FROM CUBA, 821 00:43:11,222 --> 00:43:14,592 {\an7}SO THIS, THIS ANOLE POTENTIALLY REPRESENTS A NEW ECOMORPH, 822 00:43:14,625 --> 00:43:16,494 {\an7}AND SO WE’RE HERE \hTO LOOK FOR IT. 823 00:43:20,231 --> 00:43:21,332 {\an7}Neil: LUKE TOOK US TO THE PLACE 824 00:43:21,365 --> 00:43:25,903 {\an7}\h\hWHERE HE FIRST SAW THIS MYSTERIOUS ANOLE. 825 00:43:25,937 --> 00:43:28,740 {\an7}\h\h\h\hLuke: YOU GET THIS SORT OF NEAT SPOT 826 00:43:28,773 --> 00:43:30,408 {\an7}\h\h\hWHERE THE TREES ARE DRY FOREST TREES, 827 00:43:30,441 --> 00:43:33,110 {\an7}BUT THEN YOU START GETTING \h\h\h\hTHE SPANISH MOSS, 828 00:43:33,144 --> 00:43:34,412 {\an7}LOTS OF LICHEN. 829 00:43:34,445 --> 00:43:35,713 {\an7}Nate: I’VE NEVER SEEN \hANY PLACE LIKE THIS. 830 00:43:35,746 --> 00:43:38,582 {\an7}THIS IS A TOTALLY BIZARRE, \h\h\hUNIQUE, COOL PLACE. 831 00:43:38,616 --> 00:43:39,650 {\an7}Neil: I’M "LICHEN" THIS ENVIRONMENT. 832 00:43:39,684 --> 00:43:40,985 {\an7}Nate: YEAH. 833 00:43:41,018 --> 00:43:42,586 {\an7}Luke: OH! THAT’S, THAT’S GOOD! 834 00:43:42,620 --> 00:43:44,255 {\an7}[LAUGHTER] 835 00:43:44,288 --> 00:43:46,490 {\an7}Nate: "I’M LICHEN THIS ENVIRONMENT." 836 00:43:46,524 --> 00:43:47,492 {\an7}Neil: LUKE TOLD US THAT 837 00:43:47,525 --> 00:43:49,560 {\an7}\h\h\h\hOUR BEST CHANCE OF FINDING THESE LIZARDS 838 00:43:49,594 --> 00:43:52,964 {\an7}WAS TO SEARCH FOR THEM AT NIGHT WHILE THEY WERE SLEEPING. 839 00:44:03,908 --> 00:44:06,778 {\an7}\h\h\h\hNate: I WILL FLIP OUT IF WE SEE THIS LIZARD TONIGHT. 840 00:44:06,811 --> 00:44:07,845 {\an7}Neil: IS THAT A GUARANTEE? 841 00:44:07,879 --> 00:44:08,747 {\an7}Nate: THAT I’LL FLIP OUT? 842 00:44:08,779 --> 00:44:09,713 {\an7}Neil: IS THAT A PROMISE? 843 00:44:09,747 --> 00:44:11,048 {\an7}Nate: I PROMISE. \hI’LL FLIP OUT. 844 00:44:11,082 --> 00:44:12,650 {\an7}Neil: AWESOME. I CAN’T WAIT. 845 00:44:17,388 --> 00:44:18,623 {\an7}Nate: THIS NEW SPECIES WAS 846 00:44:18,656 --> 00:44:21,826 {\an7}ONE OF THE MOST MYSTERIOUS \h\hLIZARDS IN THE WORLD, 847 00:44:21,859 --> 00:44:26,263 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND WE WANTED TO BE THE FIRST FILM CREW TO FIND IT. 848 00:44:26,297 --> 00:44:29,901 {\an7}EASIER SAID THAN DONE. 849 00:44:29,934 --> 00:44:32,403 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hLuke: YOU GOTTA BE IN THE RIGHT SPOT, GET LUCKY, 850 00:44:32,436 --> 00:44:36,340 {\an7}\h\h\hAND BE LOOKING FOR THE RIGHT THING. 851 00:44:36,374 --> 00:44:39,744 {\an7}Nate: FROM LUKE’S DESCRIPTION, \h\hWE KNEW WHAT TO LOOK FOR-- 852 00:44:39,777 --> 00:44:41,979 {\an7}A GRAYISH MOSSY-LOOKING LIZARD 853 00:44:42,013 --> 00:44:44,716 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSLEEPING ON A GRAY MOSSY BRANCH. 854 00:44:47,351 --> 00:44:49,153 {\an7}\h\hI’VE NEVER SEEN SO MANY TARANTULAS. 855 00:44:49,187 --> 00:44:50,155 {\an7}Luke: WELCOME TO MY WORLD. 856 00:44:50,188 --> 00:44:51,222 {\an7}[LAUGHTER] 857 00:44:56,027 --> 00:44:57,729 {\an7}[SIGHS] 858 00:44:57,762 --> 00:45:01,032 {\an7}Nate: AFTER SPENDING FIVE HOURS LOOKING AT TWIGS IN THE DARK, 859 00:45:01,065 --> 00:45:03,134 {\an7}YOU START SEEING THINGS \h\h\hTHAT AREN’T THERE. 860 00:45:03,167 --> 00:45:05,202 {\an7}I’M PRETTY SLEEPY. 861 00:45:05,236 --> 00:45:08,439 {\an7}IT HAS BEEN A LONG, UNSUCCESSFUL NIGHT. 862 00:45:08,472 --> 00:45:10,140 {\an7}\h\h\h\hNeil: OTHER THAN A FEW HUNDRED TARANTULAS 863 00:45:10,174 --> 00:45:12,643 {\an7}AND A TON OF BUG BITES, \h\h\h\hWE HAD NOTHING. 864 00:45:12,677 --> 00:45:13,645 {\an7}Nate: I THINK WE’RE \hGOING TO FIND IT, 865 00:45:13,678 --> 00:45:16,214 {\an7}JUST NOT TONIGHT. 866 00:45:17,848 --> 00:45:21,218 {\an7}\h\hNeil: WE STILL HAD ONE MORE NIGHT IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, 867 00:45:21,252 --> 00:45:23,654 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hONE LAST CHANCE TO BE THE FIRST FILM CREW 868 00:45:23,688 --> 00:45:27,292 {\an7}\hTO CAPTURE FOOTAGE OF THIS NEW SPECIES, 869 00:45:27,325 --> 00:45:29,861 {\an7}BUT IT WAS STARTING TO FEEL \h\h\h\h\hLIKE A LONG SHOT. 870 00:45:33,864 --> 00:45:37,935 {\an7}♪ 871 00:45:37,969 --> 00:45:39,204 {\an7}Nate: IT WAS OUR LAST NIGHT 872 00:45:39,237 --> 00:45:42,173 {\an7}\h\hIN THIS REMOTE CORNER OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, 873 00:45:42,206 --> 00:45:45,409 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hOUR LAST CHANCE TO FIND AND FILM A LIZARD 874 00:45:45,443 --> 00:45:47,879 {\an7}THAT WAS BRAND-NEW TO SCIENCE. 875 00:45:47,912 --> 00:45:49,847 {\an7}WE WERE ALL A LITTLE NERVOUS. 876 00:45:51,782 --> 00:45:54,785 {\an7}Luke: SO, THE GOAL HERE \hIS IF YOU SEE A LIZARD 877 00:45:54,819 --> 00:45:57,655 {\an7}AND IT DOESN’T SEE YOU, \h\h\hLOOK AWAY FROM IT, 878 00:45:57,688 --> 00:46:00,925 {\an7}DON’T SCARE IT WITH YOUR LIGHTS, FLAG IT, RADIO OVER, 879 00:46:00,958 --> 00:46:02,593 {\an7}LET EVERYBODY KNOW. 880 00:46:02,627 --> 00:46:06,965 {\an7}♪ 881 00:46:06,998 --> 00:46:11,603 {\an7}\h\hNeil: A FEW HOURS GO BY, AND LUKE GETS A CALL OVER THE RADIO. 882 00:46:11,636 --> 00:46:14,672 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hMan on radio: SO, WE GOT AN ANOLE UP HERE. 883 00:46:14,705 --> 00:46:18,242 {\an7}\h\hLuke: ALL RIGHT, I’LL BE RIGHT OVER. 884 00:46:18,276 --> 00:46:19,744 {\an7}OKAY, WHICH, WHICH, WHICH TREE? 885 00:46:22,713 --> 00:46:26,183 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hYEP, THAT’S, THAT’S ANOLIS LANDESTOYI. 886 00:46:26,217 --> 00:46:28,519 {\an7}OKAY, WE GOT ONE. 887 00:46:28,552 --> 00:46:29,887 {\an7}Nate: A BABY? 888 00:46:29,920 --> 00:46:30,721 {\an7}Luke: WE GOT ONE. 889 00:46:30,755 --> 00:46:31,556 {\an7}Nate: WHERE IS IT? 890 00:46:31,589 --> 00:46:32,723 {\an7}Luke: I’LL SHOW YOU. 891 00:46:32,757 --> 00:46:33,992 {\an7}SO, WE’RE GOING TO BE CAREFUL \h\h\h\h\h\h\hNOT TO SPOOK IT. 892 00:46:34,025 --> 00:46:37,529 {\an7}\h\h\h\hUP. YOU CAN SEE THERE’S THAT WHITE SPOT. 893 00:46:37,561 --> 00:46:38,328 {\an7}Nate: OH, YEAH! 894 00:46:38,362 --> 00:46:39,730 {\an7}Luke: THAT’S IT. 895 00:46:39,764 --> 00:46:42,667 {\an7}IT’S A LITTLE JUVIE HANGING HEAD-DOWN WITH ITS TAIL UP. 896 00:46:42,700 --> 00:46:44,001 {\an7}Nate: HOW DID YOU SEE THAT? 897 00:46:44,035 --> 00:46:45,970 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNeil: WHOA! IT’S TOTALLY DIFFERENT-LOOKING 898 00:46:46,003 --> 00:46:48,138 {\an7}FROM, THAN EVERYTHING ELSE \h\h\h\h\h\h\hWE’VE SEEN. 899 00:46:48,172 --> 00:46:50,675 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hNate: FIRST ANOLIS LANDESTOYI, MAN! 900 00:46:50,708 --> 00:46:52,176 {\an7}YEAH! 901 00:46:52,209 --> 00:46:54,645 {\an7}ALL RIGHT! 902 00:46:54,679 --> 00:46:57,849 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSEEING THIS LIZARD FOR THE FIRST TIME WAS AMAZING, 903 00:46:57,882 --> 00:47:00,184 {\an7}BUT THEN REALITY HIT. 904 00:47:00,217 --> 00:47:04,088 {\an7}IT WAS DANGLING FROM A BRANCH \h\h\h30 FEET OFF THE GROUND, 905 00:47:04,121 --> 00:47:06,590 {\an7}WAY TOO HIGH FOR US TO FILM. 906 00:47:06,624 --> 00:47:09,660 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hOUR ONLY CHANCE WAS TO WAIT UNTIL SUNRISE 907 00:47:09,694 --> 00:47:12,830 {\an7}\h\hAND HOPE THAT IT MOVED LOW ENOUGH THAT WE COULD CATCH IT. 908 00:47:18,302 --> 00:47:21,105 {\an7}HEY, I GOT AN IDEA. I GOT A GREAT IDEA. 909 00:47:21,138 --> 00:47:22,172 {\an7}LET’S PULL THE CAR OVER HERE 910 00:47:22,206 --> 00:47:25,743 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND NOOSE HIM FROM ON TOP OF THE CAR. 911 00:47:25,776 --> 00:47:28,145 {\an7}Neil: WE BOTH GET ON THE ROOF. 912 00:47:28,179 --> 00:47:30,982 {\an7}\h\h\hNATE’S LOOKING THROUGH THE CAMERA SO THAT HE CAN GUIDE ME, 913 00:47:31,015 --> 00:47:34,585 {\an7}BECAUSE I CAN’T SEE \h\hWHAT I’M DOING. 914 00:47:34,618 --> 00:47:37,821 {\an7}Nate: NO, I THINK YOU JUST LOST HIM. 915 00:47:37,855 --> 00:47:39,390 {\an7}YES, YES, YES, YES, YES! 916 00:47:39,423 --> 00:47:42,860 {\an7}OH! YOU GOT HIM! 917 00:47:42,893 --> 00:47:45,429 {\an7}[BLEEP] YOU GOT HIM! 918 00:47:45,463 --> 00:47:46,431 {\an7}YES! 919 00:47:46,464 --> 00:47:48,433 {\an7}[LAUGHS] 920 00:47:48,466 --> 00:47:50,034 {\an7}NEIL! 921 00:47:50,067 --> 00:47:52,069 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hHANDS DOWN, THE BEST LIZARD CATCH 922 00:47:52,103 --> 00:47:53,338 {\an7}THAT I’VE EVER SEEN. 923 00:47:53,371 --> 00:47:55,940 {\an7}Neil: HERE IS ONE OF THE RAREST ANOLES IN THE WORLD! 924 00:47:55,973 --> 00:47:57,675 {\an7}[LAUGHTER] 925 00:47:57,708 --> 00:48:00,611 {\an7}OH, HE’S LIKE A LITTLE DINOSAUR. 926 00:48:00,644 --> 00:48:02,412 {\an7}Nate: WHAT? 927 00:48:02,446 --> 00:48:03,347 {\an7}Neil: HE’S TRYING \hTO BITE ME HERE. 928 00:48:03,381 --> 00:48:05,516 {\an7}Nate: OH, MY GOD! 929 00:48:05,549 --> 00:48:06,717 {\an7}Neil: I’M PRETTY STOKED. 930 00:48:06,751 --> 00:48:07,719 {\an7}Nate: THIS IS LIKE \hTHE WHOLE TRIP, 931 00:48:07,752 --> 00:48:09,520 {\an7}WE’VE BEEN LOOKING \h\hFOR THIS GUY. 932 00:48:09,553 --> 00:48:11,989 {\an7}\h\h\hVERY, VERY FEW PEOPLE WHO ARE INTERESTED IN ANOLES 933 00:48:12,022 --> 00:48:15,926 {\an7}\h\h\hHAVE SEEN THIS LIZARD, WHICH MAKES IT SUPER SPECIAL 934 00:48:15,960 --> 00:48:20,832 {\an7}TO GET TO, TO GET TO HOLD. 935 00:48:20,865 --> 00:48:22,867 {\an7}AS WE HELD THIS NEW SPECIES 936 00:48:22,900 --> 00:48:25,603 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND FILMED IT CLIMB BACK INTO THE TREE, 937 00:48:25,636 --> 00:48:28,506 {\an7}WE COULDN’T HELP BUT REMEMBER \hTHE FIRST LAW OF THE LIZARD 938 00:48:28,539 --> 00:48:32,143 {\an7}WE LEARNED ON THIS JOURNEY-- 939 00:48:32,176 --> 00:48:34,612 {\an7}EXPECT SURPRISES. 940 00:48:34,645 --> 00:48:36,313 {\an7}EVEN ON HISPANIOLA, 941 00:48:36,347 --> 00:48:39,750 {\an7}AN ISLAND WHERE BIOLOGISTS \hHAVE WORKED FOR DECADES, 942 00:48:39,784 --> 00:48:41,853 {\an7}HERE WAS A STRANGE ANOLE, 943 00:48:41,886 --> 00:48:44,889 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTOTALLY UNLIKE ANYTHING ELSE ON THE ISLAND, 944 00:48:44,922 --> 00:48:50,161 {\an7}THAT NO ONE HAD EVEN NOTICED \h\h\hUNTIL A FEW YEARS AGO. 945 00:48:50,194 --> 00:48:53,197 {\an7}Neil: IT REALLY DROVE HOME HOW LITTLE WE STILL KNOW, 946 00:48:53,230 --> 00:48:55,232 {\an7}IN MANY WAYS, ABOUT ANOLES. 947 00:48:55,266 --> 00:48:56,768 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBUT EVEN SOME OF THE MOST COMMON SPECIES, 948 00:48:56,801 --> 00:48:59,337 {\an7}\hTHE ONES THAT SCIENTISTS HAVE STUDIED FOR DECADES, 949 00:48:59,370 --> 00:49:00,671 {\an7}THERE ARE STILL THINGS \h\hABOUT THEIR LIVES 950 00:49:00,704 --> 00:49:02,306 {\an7}THAT WE JUST DON’T KNOW. 951 00:49:05,042 --> 00:49:07,878 {\an7}\h\h\hJonathan: WHEN I GRADUATED FROM COLLEGE, I SAID TO MYSELF, 952 00:49:07,912 --> 00:49:11,416 {\an7}"I’M NEVER GOING TO STUDY ANOLES AGAIN BECAUSE WE KNOW IT ALL." 953 00:49:11,449 --> 00:49:12,884 {\an7}OF COURSE, THAT WAS NAIVE. 954 00:49:12,917 --> 00:49:16,687 {\an7}FAR FROM KNOWING IT ALL, WE’VE BARELY SCRATCHED THE SURFACE. 955 00:49:16,720 --> 00:49:21,625 {\an7}♪ 956 00:49:21,659 --> 00:49:23,561 {\an7}Nate: NEIL AND I HAD FOLLOWED \h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE ANOLE STORY 957 00:49:23,594 --> 00:49:26,263 {\an7}FOR MORE THAN A YEAR, 958 00:49:26,297 --> 00:49:30,835 {\an7}\hFROM CARIBBEAN RAINFORESTS TO UNIVERSITY LABORATORIES, 959 00:49:30,868 --> 00:49:34,872 {\an7}FROM TINY BAHAMIAN ISLANDS \h\hTO THE CITY OF MIAMI. 960 00:49:34,905 --> 00:49:36,206 {\an7}WE STARTED THIS QUEST 961 00:49:36,240 --> 00:49:40,478 {\an7}\hTHINKING WE UNDERSTOOD WHY ANOLES WERE SPECIAL, 962 00:49:40,511 --> 00:49:44,615 {\an7}\h\h\hBUT OUR JOURNEY LEFT US WITH SOMETHING MORE PROFOUND. 963 00:49:46,417 --> 00:49:49,387 {\an7}\hNeil: GOING AND SEEING THE DIVERSITY OF ANOLES 964 00:49:49,420 --> 00:49:51,222 {\an7}\h\h\hIN AN ISLAND LIKE PUERTO RICO, 965 00:49:51,255 --> 00:49:53,157 {\an7}\h\h\hIT’S LIKE GOING TO THE LOUVRE IN PARIS 966 00:49:53,190 --> 00:49:55,859 {\an7}AND APPRECIATING THE ART THERE. 967 00:49:55,893 --> 00:49:59,663 {\an7}IT’S SOMETHING THAT’S BEAUTIFUL AND COMPLEX AND FASCINATING, 968 00:49:59,697 --> 00:50:01,933 {\an7}COMPLETELY OF ITS OWN ACCORD. 969 00:50:01,966 --> 00:50:06,070 {\an7}♪ 970 00:50:06,103 --> 00:50:07,938 {\an7}Nate: WHEN I WAS A SCIENTIST \h\h\h\h\hSTUDYING LIZARDS, 971 00:50:07,972 --> 00:50:11,209 {\an7}\h\hPEOPLE WOULD ALWAYS ASK ME, "WHY ARE YOU STUDYING LIZARDS?" 972 00:50:11,242 --> 00:50:13,611 {\an7}\h\h\hAND I THINK THAT IT’S, IT’S NORMAL TO BE SKEPTICAL. 973 00:50:13,644 --> 00:50:17,181 {\an7}\hIT’S HARD TO UNDERSTAND WHY IT COULD POSSIBLY BE IMPORTANT 974 00:50:17,214 --> 00:50:18,816 {\an7}TO DEDICATE ALL THIS EFFORT 975 00:50:18,849 --> 00:50:22,653 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hINTO UNDERSTANDING HOW THESE LIZARDS LIVE THEIR LIVES. 976 00:50:22,686 --> 00:50:25,956 {\an7}\h\h\h\hBUT LIFE ON EARTH IS INCREDIBLY COMPLICATED, 977 00:50:25,990 --> 00:50:29,527 {\an7}\hAND UNDERSTANDING THE RULES THAT GENERATED THAT DIVERSITY 978 00:50:29,560 --> 00:50:31,662 {\an7}IS FUNDAMENTAL TO UNDERSTANDING 979 00:50:31,695 --> 00:50:33,764 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hWHERE WE FIT INTO THE BIGGER PICTURE, 980 00:50:33,797 --> 00:50:35,332 {\an7}AND VERY FEW OTHER ORGANISMS 981 00:50:35,366 --> 00:50:39,337 {\an7}\h\h\hHAVE TAUGHT US AS MUCH ABOUT THOSE RULES AS ANOLES. 982 00:50:39,370 --> 00:50:49,113 {\an7}♪ 983 00:50:49,146 --> 00:50:59,056 {\an7}♪